困难的抉择：里根政府在马岛战争中的决策研究（1982-1983）

发布时间：2018-06-15 04:49

本文选题：美国 + 英国　；参考：《华中师范大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：在1982年的英阿马岛战争期间,美英双方的密切合作往往被人们视为里根—撒切尔时期美英特殊关系再次复兴的重要表现。的确,美国对英国的支持,是英国能够在三个月内迅速取得胜利的重要原因。但是,随着对马岛战争期间美国政策的深入研究,我们看到了许多远比支持英国更复杂的现象。一方面,美国在马岛战争期间的政策是一个动态变化的政策,它经历了一个由中立调解到支持英国,到最终回归中立的过程。其中,支持英国只是美国政策的一个阶段。另一方面,美国政府内部对是否支持英国始终存在较大的分歧。国务院与国防部之间、国务院内部对是否支持英国存在巨大的矛盾,而且这种分歧也体现在这些官员对政策的执行上。在上述诸多因素的作用下,美国在马岛战争中的决策过程体现的是一种复杂性与多样性的统一。为了探究美国在这场危机中的决策过程,本文拟分三个部分来考察里根政府在马岛战争期间的决策过程。第一部分是对历史背景的梳理。笔者试图从英阿马岛争端的历史渊源,二战以来美阿、美英关系以及此次冲突的产生时美国的早期立场等三个方面,对马岛战争爆发前美国的政策进行考察。第二部分是文章的主体部分,包括文章的第二、三、四章,旨在分阶段厘清美国在马岛战争期间政策的形成过程。第二章介绍美国介入的第一阶段,在这一阶段,美国由中立调解逐渐转向支持英国。阿根廷占领马岛后,面对两个盟友之间的战争,美国陷入两难的境地。为了同时保全美国与英阿双方的关系,缓和两个盟友间的矛盾,里根派遣国务卿黑格进行中立调解。然而,黑格的调解并不成功,由于黑格自身的情感倾向、国防部对英国的支持、英阿双方的强硬态度以及媒体舆论的影响,调解最终失败,美国遂调整政策转而支持英国。第三章论述美国介入的第二阶段,这是美国对冲突进行进一步管控的阶段。在美国公开宣布支持英国后,美国国防部加大对英国的支持,试图帮助英国人迅速取胜。此时,国务院也在外交方面给予英国坚实的支持。尽管如此,国务院并没有停止寻求外交途径解决双方冲突的努力。一方面,黑格利用美国对英阿双方的影响力,通过秘鲁人出面调解英阿冲突。另一方面,在秘鲁调停失败后,随着联合国调解的开始,黑格开始考虑与巴西展开合作,希望能在阿根廷一败涂地之前,使之体面地退出战争,并借以缓和因支持英国而带来的美阿以及美拉间的紧张关系。但是,美巴调解未能奏效,胜利在望的英国人拒绝了美国的建议。这使得英国人事实上是在美国的支持下取得了战争的胜利。第四章是美国处理战后关系的阶段,这一阶段美国的政策逐渐回归到中立。战争结束后,面对遭到严重破坏的美拉关系,美国着手采取了一系列修复措施。在黑格离任前,修复美阿关系的进程较为缓慢。在黑格离任后,这个进程大大加快。随着美国最终取消对阿根廷的经济制裁,新上任的国务卿舒尔茨对阿根廷的态度更为灵活、温和,在他的安排下,美国很快取消了对阿根廷的军事制裁。同时,为了缓和美阿、美拉关系,舒尔茨在国际社会中再次强调以谈判来马岛争端,美国在原则范围内给予阿根廷和拉美国家适度的支持。伴随着这些努力,并随着阿根廷民选政府的成立,美阿关系在1983年年末恢复到了正常水平。第五章是文章的第三部分。笔者尝试结合历史与理论,用三种不同的模式解读美国在马岛战争中的政策,全面地展现影响美国外交决策的主要因素,并探讨它们给美国外交带来的遗产。
[Abstract]:The close cooperation between the United States and Britain was often seen as an important manifestation of the revival of the special relationship between the United States and Britain during the Regan Thatcher period in the 1982 during the British ARMA island war. Indeed, the support of the United States to Britain was an important factor in the rapid success of Britain in three months. However, with the American policy during the Tsushima war. On the one hand, the policy of the United States during the island war is a dynamic policy, and it has experienced a process from neutral to support Britain to the final return to neutrality, in which the support of Britain is only a stage of American policy. On the other hand, the United States is a phase of American policy. There is a big difference between the United States and the United States. Between the State Department and the Ministry of defense, there is a huge contradiction between the State Council and the Department of the State Council on whether to support Britain, and this divergence is also reflected in the implementation of these officials. It is a unity of complexity and diversity. In order to explore the decision-making process of the United States in this crisis, this article will be divided into three parts to examine the decision-making process of the Reagan administration during the island war. The first part is a combing of the historical background. The author tries to analyze the history of the British Alma island dispute, Shi Yuanyuan, the United States and the United States since World War II. And the emergence of this conflict in the early position of the United States, and other three aspects, the Tsushima war before the outbreak of the United States policy investigation. The second part is the main part of the article, including the article second, third, the four chapter, aims to clarify the formation process of the United States during the war during the island war. The second chapter introduces the first stage of American intervention, At this stage, the United States gradually shifted from neutral mediation to support Britain. After Argentina occupied the island of Argentina, the United States was in a dilemma facing the war between the two allies. In order to preserve the relationship between the United States and Britain and the United States and ease the contradiction between the two allies, Reagan dispatched the Secretary of state minister Hague to mediate. The third chapter discussed the second stage of American intervention. This is the stage of the United States' further control of the conflict. After announcing support for Britain, the U.S. Department of defense increased its support for Britain to help British people win a quick victory. At this time, the State Department also gave British solid support to the United Kingdom. On the other hand, after the failure of the mediation of the Peru, with the beginning of the mediation of the United Nations, Hague began to consider the cooperation with Brazil after the failure of the mediation of the United Nations in Peru. It hoped that before the defeat of Argentina, it would be decent to withdraw from the war and to ease the tension between the United States and the United States. Yes, the meba mediation failed to work. The victorious British refused the American proposal. This made the British personnel actually winning the war with the support of the United States. The fourth chapter was the United States' process of dealing with post-war relations, which gradually returned to neutrality. After the end of the war, it faced the severely damaged meilla. The United States has embarked on a series of rehabilitation measures. The process of restoring the US Arab relations was slow before he left office. After Hagrid's departure, the process was greatly accelerated. As the United States finally abolished the economic sanctions against Argentina, the new secretary of state Schultz was more flexible, gentle, and in his arrangement, in Argentina. The country quickly abolished the military sanctions against Argentina. At the same time, in order to ease the relationship between the United States and the United States, Schultz once again emphasized the negotiation of the island dispute in the international community. The United States gave Argentina and Latin American countries moderate support within the scope of the principle. With these efforts, with the establishment of the elected government of Argentina, the relationship between the United States and the United States was 198 At the end of 3 years, the fifth chapter is the third part of the article. The author tries to combine history and theory with three different modes to interpret the American policy in the island war, to fully demonstrate the main factors that affect American diplomatic decision-making and to explore the legacy they bring to the American diplomatic service.
【学位授予单位】：华中师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：K153

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