论美国时期对联邦德国“新东方政策态度之变化”

发布时间：2018-06-15 14:18

本文选题：美国 + 尼克松政府　；参考：《南京大学》2012年硕士论文

【摘要】：20世纪60年末70年代初,世界格局发生了新的变化。美国面临越战、苏联军事力量上升和西方盟国经济增强的压力,尼克松掌权的白宫开始调整其国家战略,推行东西方的缓和。与此相呼应,处在冷战前沿的联邦德国由勃兰特领导的社会民主党与自由民主党组成联合政府,积极推行“新东方政策”。“新东方政策”与阿登纳政府以及基辛格政府时期所执行的“哈尔斯坦主义”有着极大不同。这一政策意在促使联邦德国同苏联、波兰以及民主德国进行谈判,改善其与东方的关系,最终走向德国的统一。联邦德国政策的转向在两大阵营对抗背景下引起了极大的关注,美国对这一政策也抱有复杂的态度。本文旨在从美国缓和战略的角度,重点利用美国已公开的外交文件来考察美国对德“新东方政策”的态度变化、特点以及影响因素。本文的绪论部分主要介绍本文的选题缘起、美国缓和战略与“新东方政策”关系的国内外研究的现状,并对本文的思路和创新点进行说明。本文的第一章论述美国的缓和战略,包括美国缓和战略形成的国际背景、美国缓和战略的思想来源和具体内容、以及美国缓和战略与欧洲的关系。美国的缓和战略包括谈判、挂钩等具体策略,这些是理解美国对“新东方政策”态度变化的重要因素。美国的缓和战略与欧洲的关系体现在美国希望缓和中的欧洲能够增加自身的独立性,在美国的领导下承担更多的责任,从而达到西欧的防御、缓和与联盟内部的团结。这些因素为“新东方政策”的实施提供了空间。第二章对联邦德国“新东方政策”进行介绍,包括“新东方政策”形成的国内背景和国际背景、新东方政策从酝酿到实施的过程、新东方政策与美国的关系等。国内背景方面包括德国自身力量的加强以及民众意识的觉醒；国际背景方面主要包括美苏关系的变动、东西方阵营内部的力量变化以及民主德国的发展。“新东方政策”的产生及实行则从勃兰特任柏林市长时期论述到其任总理时期。新东方政策与美国的关系主要是结合“新东方政策”的特点来进行阐述,“新东方政策”一直维护与西方的联盟的关系,这保证了美国对该政策的最后支持。第三章论述美国对新东方政策的态度变化,这是本文的重点部分。本章的论述从三个方面来进行,包括美国的基本疑虑和应对策略的变化,美国关于新东方政策具体步骤的态度变化,美国对待柏林谈判的态度变化。这部分的论述以时间的先后为轴,通过美国公开的外交文件作为资料对美国的态度变化进行梳理。第四章分析美国对新东方政策态度变化的特点及影响因素。美国态度变化的特点包括,美国是从其东西方冷战“缓和”的大战略来看待联邦德国“新东方政策”的酝酿和发展的；美国对其态度经历了从模糊到清晰的变化过程；在美国对其态度的变化中,关于四国柏林谈判是美国考虑的重要内容,它与联邦德国推行的“新东方政策”有着密切的联系。影响美国态度变化的根本因素是美国的缓和战略,它的综合性、进取性和实用主义色彩规定了美国态度的发展。本文的结论是,对于联邦德国“新东方政策”的基本认知、新东方政策具体步骤和柏林谈判这三个问题,美国的态度都经历了一个由模糊不定到放心并明确支持“新东方政策”的变化,由最初被动的观察转向了最后的积极主动介入。美国的态度变化的根本影响因素是“新东方政策”符合尼克松政府缓和战略的需要和联邦德国维护西方联盟的表态和行为。
[Abstract]:In twentieth Century, at the end of 60 and early 70s, new changes have taken place in the world pattern. The United States faces the Vietnam War, the rise of the Soviet military force and the pressure of the economic enhancement of the Western allies. The White House in power of Nixon began to adjust its national strategy and promote the easing of East and West. The main party and the Liberal Democratic Party formed a joint government to actively pursue the "New Oriental Policy". The "New Oriental Policy" is greatly different from the Adenauer administration and the "hhstan" of the Kissinger administration. This policy is intended to encourage Federal Germany to negotiate with the Soviet Union, Poland and the Democratic Germany to improve it and the East. The relationship between the United States and the German policy has attracted great attention in the context of the two camp confrontation. The United States has a complex attitude towards this policy. This paper aims to examine the state of the "New Oriental Policy" in the United States from the perspective of the US mitigation strategy. Degree changes, characteristics and influencing factors.
The introduction part of this article mainly introduces the origin of the topic, the domestic and foreign research status of the relationship between the American relaxation strategy and the "New Oriental Policy", and explains the ideas and innovation points of this article.
The first chapter of this article discusses the United States' mitigation strategy, including the international background of the formation of American relaxation strategy, the ideological source and specific content of the American relaxation strategy, and the relationship between the American relaxation strategy and Europe. The US mitigation strategy includes specific strategies, such as negotiations and hooks, which are to understand the change in the attitude of the United States to the "New Oriental Policy" An important factor. The relationship between America's mitigation strategy and Europe is reflected in the United States' desire to ease the independence of Europe and to take more responsibility under the leadership of the United States, thus reaching the defence of Western Europe and easing the unity within the alliance. These factors provide space for the implementation of the "New Oriental Policy".
The second chapter introduces the "New Oriental Policy" in the Federal Republic of Germany, including the domestic background and international background of the "New Oriental Policy", the process of the New Oriental Policy from the brewing to the implementation, the relationship between the New Oriental Policy and the United States. The domestic background includes the strengthening of the German own strength and the awakening of the public consciousness; The changes in the relationship between the United States and the Soviet Union, the changes within the East and the West camps and the development of the Democratic Germany were mainly included. The production and implementation of the "New Oriental Policy" was discussed from the period of Brandt's mayor of Berlin to his prime minister. The relationship between the New Oriental Policy and the United States was mainly explained by the characteristics of the "New Oriental Policy". The New Oriental policy has always upholding the alliance with the west, which guarantees the final support of the US policy.
The third chapter discusses the changes in the attitude of the United States to the New Oriental policy, which is the key part of this article. This chapter is carried out in three aspects, including the basic doubts and changes in the coping strategies of the United States, the changes in the attitude of the United States on the specific steps of the New Oriental Policy and the change in the attitude of the United States to the Berlin negotiations. Based on the US's open diplomatic documents, this paper sorts out the changes in American attitudes.
The fourth chapter analyzes the characteristics and influencing factors of the changes in the attitude of the United States to the New Oriental policy. The characteristics of the American attitude change include that the United States looks at the brew and development of the "New Oriental Policy" from the "mild" war of the cold war between the East and the West. In the change of its attitude, the Berlin negotiations on the four countries are an important part of the United States' consideration. It has a close connection with the "New Oriental Policy" carried out by the Federal Republic of Germany. The fundamental factor affecting the change of the American attitude is the United States' mitigation strategy. Its comprehensive, enterprising and pragmatist color stipulates the development of the American attitude.
The conclusion of this paper is that, for the basic cognition of the "New Oriental Policy", the concrete steps of the New Oriental Policy and the three issues of Berlin negotiations, the attitude of the United States has gone through a change from vague to reassuring and clearly supported by the "New Oriental Policy", from the first moved observation to the last active intervention. The fundamental influence factor of the state's attitude change is that the "New Oriental Policy" conforms to the needs of the Nixon administration's mitigation strategy and the form and behavior of the Federal Germany to maintain the Western alliance.
【学位授予单位】：南京大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：K153

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