1938至1941年美国政府对墨西哥石油国有化改革的政策研究

发布时间：2018-06-20 02:11

本文选题：墨西哥石油国有化改革 + 卡德纳斯改革　；参考：《首都师范大学》2011年硕士论文

【摘要】：1938年3月18日墨西哥总统卡德纳斯通过电台向全世界宣布了石油国有化改革的声明,从即日起墨西哥将十七家外国石油公司收归国有,其中包括皇家壳牌、新泽西美孚、加利福尼亚标准石油公司等石油巨头的墨西哥分公司。本文主要探究从1938至1941年美国政府对墨西哥石油国有化改革的政策的变化过程。在墨西哥石油国有化改革前夕,美国政府没有直接介入石油公司与墨西哥之间的石油纷争,它并未形成明确的应对政策。虽然美国政府非常关注海外的经济利益,但是它基本未对墨西哥的劳资纠纷作出倾向于石油公司的回应,因为它也很看重美洲的稳定。卡德纳斯政府之所以敢于宣布那样的声明,就是很好地把握住了美国政府对拉美地区政策调整的契机。为了与巩固美洲国家稳定和不干涉其他美洲国家内政的承诺相一致,美国政府将努力维持睦邻友好政策的诚信度,从而给予石油公司有限的支持。从卡德纳斯政府开始石油国有化改革至二战爆发美国政府对墨西哥石油国有化改革的政策从强硬转向有所缓和。美国政府希望通过对墨西哥采取强硬政策表示它对此类举措的抗议,威慑其他拉美国家不要仿效墨西哥,从而维护美国的海外经济利益。而且,它还配合英美石油公司对墨西哥施行经济抵制措施,迫使卡德纳斯政府终止石油国有化改革,从而恢复石油公司对墨西哥石油资源的控制。但是,考虑到墨西哥民众高涨的民族民主主义情感、整个美洲的防御安全和经济抵制措施所取得的实际效果,美国政府的政策开始有所缓和。从1939年9月至1941年11月美国政府对墨西哥石油国有化改革采取了逐渐妥协的政策。二战的爆发加大了法西斯国家对美洲防御的威胁,为了保持整个美洲的稳定和加固美洲国家的团结,美国政府对墨西哥石油国有化改革的政策从缓和转至妥协。在这个政策基调下,再加上国内巨大的政治压力,罗斯福政府提出了仲裁建议,这表明美国政府对墨西哥石油国有化改革正式开始采取妥协政策。1940年5月1日,卡德纳斯政府正式宣布它与辛克莱石油公司签署了赔偿协定,这进一步动摇了美国政府维护石油公司利益的决心。与此同时,德国在欧洲战场上的节节胜利加剧了美国政府对美洲防御的担忧,这促使它进一步推行妥协政策以加快解决美墨石油纷争。随着美日关系和太平洋局势的日益恶化,为了确保墨西哥的军事合作,美国政府决定以国防利益为重,不再劝服顽固的石油公司接受初步赔偿协定。1941年11月19日,美墨政府就石油纷争签署了正式的赔偿协定。
[Abstract]:On March 18, 1938, Mexican President Cardenas announced a radio announcement to the world on the reform of the nationalization of oil. From this day on, Mexico nationalized 17 foreign oil companies, including Royal Shell, New Jersey Mobil. The Mexican branch of oil giants such as California Standard Oil. This paper mainly explores the change process of American government's policy on Mexican nationalization reform from 1938 to 1941. On the eve of the Mexican oil nationalization reform, the U.S. government did not directly intervene in the oil dispute between oil companies and Mexico, and it did not have a clear policy to deal with it. Although the U.S. government is very concerned about economic interests abroad, it has largely failed to respond to Mexico's industrial disputes in favor of oil companies because it also values stability in the Americas. The reason the Cardenas government dared to announce such a statement was to seize the opportunity for the U.S. government to adjust its policy toward Latin America. In keeping with the commitment to consolidate the stability of the Americas and non-interference in the internal affairs of other American countries, the United States Government will strive to maintain the integrity of its good-neighbourly policy, thereby providing limited support to oil companies. From the start of the Cardenas government's oil nationalization reform to the outbreak of World War II, the U.S. government's policy on Mexico's oil nationalization reform has shifted from tough to moderate. The U.S. government wants to defend its overseas economic interests by taking a tough policy against Mexico to show its protest against such moves, and to deter other Latin American countries from following Mexico's example. In addition, it has cooperated with Anglo American to impose an economic boycott on Mexico, forcing the Cardenas government to end the reform of nationalization of oil, thereby restoring oil companies control of Mexico's oil resources. But, given the high levels of national democracy in Mexico and the practical effects of defense security and economic boycotts across the Americas, U.S. policy has begun to ease. From September 1939 to November 1941, the United States government adopted a gradual compromise policy on the Mexican oil nationalization reform. The outbreak of World War II increased the threat of fascist countries to the defense of the Americas. In order to maintain the stability of the entire Americas and strengthen the unity of the American countries, the policy of the United States government on the nationalization of Mexican oil changed from detente to compromise. On the basis of this policy tone, coupled with enormous domestic political pressure, the Roosevelt administration put forward an arbitration proposal, which indicated that the United States government had formally begun to adopt a compromise policy on Mexico's nationalization reform. On May 1, 1940, The Cardenas government's official announcement that it signed a compensation agreement with Sinclair has further shaken the U.S. government's determination to defend oil companies' interests. At the same time, Germany's victory in Europe has heightened U.S. government concerns about American defense, prompting it to pursue further compromises to speed up the settlement of the dispute over oil between the United States and Mexico. With the worsening of U.S.-Japan relations and the situation in the Pacific, and in order to ensure Mexican military cooperation, the United States Government decided to put defense interests first and not to persuade stubborn oil companies to accept the preliminary compensation agreement. November 19, 1941, The US and Mexico government signed a formal compensation agreement over the oil dispute.
【学位授予单位】：首都师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：F416.22;K712

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