十八世纪伦敦与北京商人阶层比较研究

发布时间：2018-06-22 01:28

本文选题：18世纪 + 伦敦与北京　；参考：《重庆师范大学》2011年硕士论文

【摘要】：对18世纪的世界历史进行考察,可以发现,商业的发展,贸易在数量和种类上的扩大是世界整体变动的主流方向。其中,城市的作用在显著地提高。人口规模的增长,商业专业化的出现使城市成为引领经济发展的关键。在诸多城市中,作为帝国首都的大城市往往能够获得更佳的发展机会。它们借助强有力的王权,取得政治上的优势地位;它们拥有贵族和仕宦代表的国家统治阶层能够创造广大的消费市场,吸引着商业的投入和商人们的服务。18世纪时,首都基本上成为了国家的贸易中心和货物集散地,这同时引领着商人阶层在大城市发展。作为东西方首都的代表城市——北京和伦敦,其中的商人阶层有着共同特点,但是更多的是不同特点。本文通过将商人阶层分为上中下三个等级进行考察,得出以下结论:两座城市的商人阶层在等级结构、经营规模等方面都有着相似之处。首先,商人的数量和财富随着整个城市的发展而增长,社会各阶层的成员都有转变为商人的可能;其次,商人的经营项目分工明确,商人贸易的场所趋于固定,各种行业的商人也都组成了相应的组织商帮或行会,商业团体垄断了商品的制作运输和销售,形成了商业体系,这是经济发展的进步;第三,城市商业的发展吸引了来自各地的商人手工业者。特别是在最底层商人中,有很多人是迁徙进城市中谋生的;最后,商人阶层推动了大型消费城市的发展,成为奢侈生活的代表。与共性相比,更多的则是两座城市商人阶层的差异性。第一,两座城市之间商人阶层与政府官吏之间的关系存在着差异。虽然两座城市的最上层商人都与各自的政府有着紧密的联系,但是其本质上有着明确的不同。第二,商人对国家政策制度的创建的影响力极为不同。伦敦商人可以拥有制定政策的权利,北京商人却只能顺从于清王朝的政策,无法改变。第三,在形成中产阶级力量的过程中的地位不同。在伦敦,商人阶层是中产阶级的骨干力量,在北京,则没有形成以商人阶层为主导的阶层。第四,商人的经营方式与生活状态不同。伦敦已经出现现代公司制度,商业资本投入到生产领域,带来工业革命;北京则仍是传统铺户经营,“前店后场”的手工业形式没有改变。第五,商人的财富观念有显著不同,伦敦的商人阶层追求的是商业利润,北京的商人阶层追求的是金银货币。第六,对待科学技术的观念不同。伦敦商人热心科技,而北京商人保守封闭。
[Abstract]:By investigating the world history of the 18th century, we can find that the development of commerce and the expansion of trade in quantity and variety are the main trend of the whole world change. Among them, the role of the city is significantly improved. The growth of population scale and the appearance of commercial specialization make the city the key to leading economic development. In many cities, big cities as imperial capitals tend to get better development opportunities. With the help of a powerful Wang Quan, they gained political dominance; their ruling class, represented by aristocrats and officialdom, was able to create a vast consumer market, attracting business input and the services of businessmen in the 18th century. The capital basically became the country's trading center and distribution center, which also led to the development of the merchant class in the big cities. As the representative cities of East and West, Beijing and London share common but different characteristics. This article divides the merchant stratum into the upper middle and lower levels to investigate the following conclusions: the two cities in the hierarchy structure management scale and other aspects have similarities. First, the number and wealth of businessmen increase with the development of the whole city, and the members of all walks of life have the possibility of turning into businessmen. Secondly, the division of labor between businessmen 'business projects is clear, and the places for merchants' trade tend to be fixed. Businessmen of various trades have also formed corresponding organizations of trade groups or guilds, and commercial groups have monopolized the production, transportation and sale of commodities, thus forming a commercial system, which is the progress of economic development; third, The development of urban commerce has attracted businessmen and craftsmen from all over the world. Especially in the bottom of the merchant, many people migrated to the city to earn a living; finally, the merchant class promoted the development of the large consumer city and became the representative of luxury life. Compared with the common, more is the difference between the two city businessman stratum. First, the relationship between the merchant class and government officials is different between the two cities. Although the top businessmen in both cities are closely linked to their respective governments, they are essentially distinct. Second, the influence of businessmen on the creation of national policy system is very different. London businessmen have the power to make policies, but Beijing businessmen can only comply with the Qing Dynasty's policies, can not change. Third, the position in the process of forming a middle class force is different. In London, the merchant class is the backbone of the middle class, while in Beijing there is no class dominated by the merchant class. Fourth, the businessman's management style and living condition are different. Modern corporate systems have emerged in London, where commercial capital has been invested in production, bringing about the industrial revolution; Beijing is still a traditional shop, and the handicraft form of "front shop and back court" has not changed. Fifth, there are significant differences in the concept of wealth among businessmen. The merchant class in London pursues commercial profits, and the merchant class in Beijing pursues gold and silver currencies. Sixth, the concept of science and technology is different. London businessmen are keen on technology, while Beijing businessmen are conservative and closed.
【学位授予单位】：重庆师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：K14

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