阿马尔那泥板中所见的近东大国外交

发布时间：2018-06-24 01:57

本文选题：阿马尔那泥板 + 阿马尔那时代　；参考：《东北师范大学》2006年博士论文

【摘要】：在研究阿马尔那泥板书信基础上,本文旨在探讨阿马尔那时代近东大国之间的外交关系,主要从外交实务、外交惯例和文化差异对外交的影响等三个方面考察这个时代的外交状况。在阿马尔那时代,大国主导近东政治格局是非常显著的现象。在阿马尔那时代的前期,埃及、米坦尼和巴比伦三国主导近东地区政治格局,后期则是埃及、赫梯、巴比伦和亚述四国主导近东地区政治格局。三国主导政治格局向西国主导的政治格局过渡是这个时代的显著的特点。格局转变的主要推动力来自赫梯和亚述,正是赫梯和亚述的兴起才使三国主导地区政治格局的时代结束,形成了四国主导政治的格局。在这个转变过程中,逐渐形成了如下三角外交关系:埃及、米坦尼与赫梯三角关系,埃及、巴比伦与亚述三角关系,埃及、亚述与赫梯三角关系。不管在哪个外交区域里,埃及都奉行势力均衡外交战略,维持地区力量的均势,实现埃及国家利益的最大化;赫梯和亚述则是力求外交上获得主动,以交好大国,为国家的复兴创造良好的外部环境;巴比伦和米坦尼则是对宿敌亚述和赫梯的一举一动都非常关注,竭力遏制其复兴。在阿马尔那时代,近东大国外交活动中形成了一系列外交惯例和做法。首先,在外交准则上形成了家庭准则和对等准则,家庭准则将外交的参与者置于一个大家族之内,按照亲属关系模式塑造彼此之间的关系,对等准则将追求国家利益的各国纳入到一个活动框架之内,实现参与者的收益对等。其次,在外交方式上,出现了礼物交换、王室联姻和信息沟通,其中礼物交换从物质的角度实现大国之间的沟通,王室联姻从人的角度实现大国之间的往来,信息沟通则是从信息资源方面进行交往。再次,在大国使节的往来过程中,逐渐形成了关于使节的方方面面的惯例。最后,在其他外交惯例方面,如外交关系的确立、中断、重建和确认等方面,以及外交保护和外交礼仪上,这个时候都形成了一些惯例。文化的差异会增加外交成本,会对外交活动的有效开展产生一定的阻碍作用。首先,神圣王权的观念与对等准则之间存在矛盾;其次,中心——边缘观念的浓厚与否直接影响着礼物交换、王室联姻和信息沟通等的渠道是否畅通。在阿马尔那时代,文化上的差异表现最明显的是埃及与西亚国家之间。在西亚地区的各个国家的王权神化的程度比较低,埃及王权神化的程度比较高,而王权神化的程度越高越不容易接受对等准则,因此,在外交活动中,埃及的不适应最为明显,而西亚国家则基本不存在这种情况。在中心——边缘观念的表现方面,相比于其他国家来说,埃及保存得更为完整,因此,当西亚国家早已放弃这种观念并开始实践对等交往观念的时候,埃及仍然以这种观念为指导去处理对外关系,这就带来了埃及与其他国家间的一系列矛盾。为了适应西亚地区业已形成的外交惯例,埃及也对自身的文化进行了修正,以便与西亚国家顺利往来。
[Abstract]:On the basis of the study of Amar's mud plate epistles, this paper aims to explore the diplomatic relations between the great powers in the near east of the Amar era, mainly from three aspects of diplomatic practice, diplomatic practice and cultural differences on diplomacy.
In the Amar era, the political pattern of the great powers dominated the Near East was a very remarkable phenomenon. In the early period of the Amar era, Egypt, Babylon, and the three countries dominated the political pattern in the Near East, and the political pattern of the Near East was dominated by Egypt, Hittites, Babylon and Assyrian. The transition of the pattern of governance is the remarkable feature of this era. The main impetus of the change of the pattern comes from the Hittites and Assyrian. It is the rise of Hittites and Assyria that ends the era of the political pattern of the Three Kingdoms and forms the dominant political pattern of the four countries. In this transformation, the following triangular diplomatic relations are gradually formed: Egypt, Michael The relationship between Nepal and Hittites, Egypt, Babylon and Assyrian relations, Egypt, Assyrian and Hittite triangle relations. No matter in which diplomatic area, Egypt pursues a balanced diplomatic strategy, maintains the balance of regional power, maximizes the national interests of Egypt, and Hitti and Assyria strive for diplomatic initiative to make good power, To create a good external environment for the revival of the country, Babylon and Mr tieni are very concerned about the actions of the old enemy Assyria and Hittites, and strive to contain their revival.
In the time of Amar, a series of diplomatic practices and practices were formed in the diplomatic activities of the great powers of the Near East. First, the family and reciprocal norms were formed on the diplomatic standards. The family norms put the participants in a large family, shaping the relationship according to the kinship model, and the equivalence principle would pursue the national interests. In the diplomatic way, the exchange of gifts, the marriage of the royal family and the communication of information have come into being, in which the exchange of gifts from the material point of view realizes the communication between the great powers, the marriage of the royal family realizes the exchange among the great powers from the angle of man, and the information communication is from the information capital. Again, in the course of the communication between the great powers, the practice of all aspects of the envoy has been gradually formed. Finally, in other diplomatic practices, such as the establishment, interruption, reconstruction and recognition of diplomatic relations, as well as diplomatic protection and diplomatic etiquette, some practice has been formed at this time.
Cultural differences will increase the diplomatic costs and have a certain hindrance to the effective development of diplomatic activities. First, there is a contradiction between the concept of the holy power and the principle of reciprocity. Secondly, whether the center of the marginal concept is directly influenced by the exchange of gifts, and whether the channels of Wang Shilian's marriage and information communication are unimpeded. In Amar In that time, the most obvious cultural differences were between Egyptian and Western Asian countries. The degree of the deification of royalty in various countries in Western Asia was relatively low, the degree of the deification of Egyptian royal power was higher, and the higher the degree of the deification of the royal power, the less easy to accept the equivalence principle, therefore, in the diplomatic activities, Egypt was not the most obvious. There is no such situation in the Western Asian countries. In terms of the center - the performance of the edge concept, Egypt is more intact than in other countries. Therefore, when Western Asian countries have already abandoned this concept and began to practice the concept of reciprocity, Egypt is still guided by this concept to deal with foreign relations. There is a series of contradictions between Egypt and other countries. In order to adapt to the diplomatic practices that have been formed in the Western Asia region, Egypt has also amended its own culture to go with Western Asian countries smoothly.
【学位授予单位】：东北师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2006
【分类号】：K3

【引证文献】