从族契看朝鲜时代的宗族组织化——以中韩族谱与宗族制度比较为视角

发布时间：2018-06-26 00:25

本文选题：族契 + 族规　；参考：《古代文明》2017年02期

【摘要】：朝鲜时代与明清两朝都是在16世纪即明朝嘉靖、朝鲜明宗年间大规模普及乡约的,随后明朝出现族规,朝鲜产生族契。乡约的普及与族契的产生,造成宗族乡约化。族会思想与实践即族会普及化,也促使族契的出现与宗族凝聚力的加强。族契与族规有很多共同点,族契实为族规。朝鲜祠祭似乎不发达,祭祖主要是在祖墓,因此墓祭兴盛,族契多是通过墓祭祖先进行族会。朝鲜族契也有大量关于婚丧方面的要求,一般属于互助,不同于明朝族规强调礼仪。明朝的族长设立普遍,有关制度较为完善,朝鲜则以设立门长为主,职责要求较为疏略。特别是是明清族规一般收录在族谱当中,并在宗祠中使用,涉及范围较广,教化作用较强,作为宗族规范较为严密。而朝鲜族契一般独立存在,主要为了进行族会,即宗族聚会,内容多是规范族人春秋墓祭与婚丧互助,比较实用。造成这种区别的原因,或许是朝鲜时代族契在形式上更接近乡约,而明清族规则从更广阔的宗族建设与社会秩序立意。
[Abstract]:The Korean era and the Ming and Qing dynasties were both in the 16th century, that is, the Ming Dynasty Jiajing. The popularity of the rural covenant and the generation of clan contract, resulting in the clan township contract. The thought and practice of clan association, that is, the popularization of clan association, also promote the emergence of clan bond and the strengthening of clan cohesion. The clan deed and the clan rule have a lot in common, the clan deed is actually the clan rule. Korean ancestral sacrifices seem to be underdeveloped, mainly in ancestral tombs, so tombs are flourishing, and most of them are held through tombs. Korean nationality also has a large number of marriage and funeral requirements, generally belong to mutual assistance, different from the Ming Dynasty rules emphasize etiquette. The establishment of patriarchs in Ming Dynasty was universal, and the relative system was relatively perfect. Especially the rules of Ming and Qing dynasties were generally included in the genealogical tree and used in the ancestral hall, which involved a wide range and had a strong role of enlightenment. But the Korean nationality deed generally exists independently, mainly in order to carry on the clan association, namely the clan gathering, the content mostly is standardizes the people Spring and Autumn Tomb sacrifice and the marriage funeral mutual aid, is more practical. The reason for the difference may be that the kinship of Korean era is closer to the rural covenant in form, while the rules of Ming and Qing dynasties are based on broader clan construction and social order.
【作者单位】：南开大学中国社会史研究中心、历史学院;
【基金】：国家社科基金重大项目“多卷本《中国宗族通史》”(项目批号:14ZDB023)阶段性研究成果
【分类号】：K248;K312.34

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