维多利亚时代英国城市空气污染与治理研究

发布时间：2018-06-29 04:55

本文选题：维多利亚时代 + 空气污染　；参考：《西北师范大学》2016年硕士论文

【摘要】：维多利亚时代是英国工业化和城市化迅速发展的时代,也是英国人最引以为豪的时代。然而在取得巨大成就的同时,也产生了一系列的社会问题,其中与城市居民息息相关的空气污染问题亟待解决。维多利亚时代英国的城市空气遭到了严重污染,给居民带来了严重的呼吸系统疾病,甚至导致居民死亡率上升,严重影响了他们正常的工作和生活。造成当时城市空气污染的原因主要有:随着工业的发展,煤炭被大量使用;以制碱业为中心的化学工业快速发展;随着城市的发展,人口数量增加造成家庭能源消耗剧增,生活垃圾增多。面对这一严重的社会问题,英国政府通过以法律手段为主,行政手段和经济手段为辅的方式进行治理;英国社会的一些有识之士创建了旨在治理和改善空气污染的非政府环保组织,他们通过多种方式来治理空气污染;同时,一些受雇于企业的工程师和技术工人也间接为治理空气污染进行了不懈的努力。然而英国政府和民众的努力并未使城市空气污染状况得到彻底好转。究其根本原因在于:在资本主义经济快速发展的大环境下,社会各个阶层都在追求物质利益。除此之外,当时英国议会制定的环保法案没有得到强有力的执行;中央政府和地方政府缺乏协调性和一致性;非政府环保组织缺乏职业性;民众的环境保护意识淡薄以及科学技术不发达等因素共同导致维多利亚时代英国城市空气污染治理效果不明显,而这也间接造成了二十世纪前期英国城市空气污染“灾难”的发生。
[Abstract]:The Victorian era was the age of rapid industrialization and urbanization in England, and the most proud time of the British. However, great achievements have been made and a series of social problems have emerged, among which air pollution, which is closely related to urban residents, needs to be solved urgently. The air pollution in Victorian Britain caused serious respiratory diseases and even increased death rate, which seriously affected their normal work and life. The main causes of urban air pollution at that time were: with the development of industry, coal was used in large quantities; the chemical industry with alkali industry as the center developed rapidly; and with the development of the city, the increase of population resulted in a sharp increase in household energy consumption. There is an increase in domestic waste. In the face of this serious social problem, the British government through the legal means mainly, administrative means and economic means as a supplementary way to govern; Some insightful people in British society have created non-governmental environmental groups that aim to combat and improve air pollution. They deal with air pollution in a variety of ways; at the same time, Some engineers and skilled workers employed in enterprises have also worked tirelessly to combat air pollution. However, the efforts of the British government and people have not completely improved urban air pollution. The fundamental reason lies in: in the rapid development of capitalist economy, all social strata are pursuing material benefits. In addition, environmental laws enacted by the British Parliament at that time were not enforced vigorously; there was a lack of coordination and consistency between the central and local governments; and non-government environmental protection organizations lacked professionalism. The weak awareness of environmental protection among the public and the underdevelopment of science and technology together led to the fact that the effect of air pollution control in the Victorian British cities was not obvious. This also indirectly caused the British urban air pollution disaster in the early 20 th century.
【学位授予单位】：西北师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：K561.4

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