犹太人早期上帝观念的历史演变

发布时间：2018-06-29 03:42

本文选题：犹太教 + 上帝　；参考：《复旦大学》2006年博士论文

【摘要】：上帝观念的讨论在国内外在神学和哲学领域举目滔滔，著作汗牛充栋，一言难尽。可以说神或者上帝的观念就是神学最核心的内容，而理解上帝观念对于不同的人也就有不同的含义。我们可以理性地理解上帝，追寻上帝背后隐藏的历史和伦理；也可以超验地信仰上帝，为自己和自己的民族树立生活的规范。本文的目的并非是在玄妙的神学或者哲学语境中探讨上帝的奥妙，亦非超验的体验上帝。只是意图遵照历史的轨迹，尽量还原上帝形成的历史痕迹。为进一步的研究打下比较可信的基础。因为宗教(尤其是基督教)的学术讨论，不少都是基于基督教对于上帝的理解，对于早期犹太人的上帝观念，或有意或无意地被置于基督教的信仰体系或研讨语境加以讨论，许多问题的争论就显得似是而非，南辕北辙了。任何认真的研究都要基于比较可靠的事实，在对于事实的梳理中，原初的问题有时也就逐渐露出远不同于我们今天理解的面貌。作为基督教母体的犹太教，上帝观念的形成有其历史的发展轨迹。亚伯拉罕原初的留存着巴比伦和伽南地多神崇拜痕迹的一神崇拜，随着喜克索斯人在埃及的胜利进入了埃及。作为统治者群体的希伯来人，汲取了埃及阿顿一神教的教义，逐步脱离了部落神崇拜，初步形成了独神崇拜。此时的犹太教尚未成形，只能说是一种原始崇拜。伴随着喜克索斯人的的失败，摩西带领希伯来人出埃及，糅合着伽南地和米甸部落神及埃及阿顿神的摩西原始犹太独神教才破茧而出，初具规模。而这种抽象的无形神的崇拜毕竟不是渴望满足的族群的最佳选择，其后的王国时期，犹太教的雅畏经受了伽南地巴力神的严峻考验，直至犹大国灭亡，两个神的较量才告一段落。只有在大流散时期，无尽的民族痛苦才最终塑造了犹太独神教的原型，处于希腊化时代的斐洛，最终完成了犹太教的早期定型，也为新的更为包容的犹太教——基督教打下了根基。纵观上帝观念的流变，我们不能不感叹，每个时期的神都是不尽相同的，都有其自身的历史烙印和神格，难以一言以概之。我们可以认为“一切历史都是当代史”，但是历史就是历史，发生过的无法改变，死去的无法复活，并不会因为今日万千的阐释和过渡诠释而改变。对于历史的认知是非常令人困惑的，尤其在规范异常庞杂的今天，，只是希望这篇论文能够成为一篇合格的历史论文而已。
[Abstract]:The discussion of the concept of God in the field of theology and philosophy at home and abroad, books, hard to say. It can be said that the concept of God or God is the core of theology, and understanding the concept of God has different meanings for different people. We can understand God rationally and follow the hidden history and ethics behind God. We can also believe in God transcendently and set the standard of life for ourselves and our nation. The purpose of this paper is not to explore the mystery of God in a mysterious theological or philosophical context, nor to experience God transcendently. Only intent to follow the track of history, as far as possible to restore the historical traces of God. It lays a more reliable foundation for further research. Because much of the academic discussion of religion, especially Christianity, is based on the Christian understanding of God, on the idea of God of the early Jews, or on being deliberately or unintentionally placed in the Christian belief system or in the context of the study. The arguments on many issues seem specious and diametrically opposed. Any serious research should be based on more reliable facts, in the combing of facts, the original problems sometimes gradually show a different face than we understand today. Judaism as a Christian mother, the formation of the concept of God has its historical development track. Abraham's first monotheistic worship of Babylonians and Gamanites entered Egypt with the victory of the Heksos in Egypt. The Hebrews, as a group of rulers, drew on the doctrine of Abdon monotheism in Egypt and gradually separated themselves from the worship of tribal gods and formed the worship of monotheism. Judaism at this time is not yet formed, can only be said to be a primitive worship. With the defeat of the Heksos, Moses led the Hebrews out of Egypt, mixing the Ganesha with the Midian gods and the Moses primitive monotheistic religion of Aton. And the worship of this abstract invisible god is not, after all, the best choice for a satisfied people. In the later period of the kingdom, Yavin of Judaism withstood the severe test of the god of Baal in Kanadi until the end of the kingdom of Judah. The battle between the two gods came to an end. It was only during the great diaspora that the endless national pain finally shaped the archetype of the Jewish monotheism, Philo in the Hellenistic era, and finally completed the early shaping of Judaism. It also laid the foundations for a new, more inclusive Judaism-Christianity. Throughout the evolution of the concept of God, we can not help but sigh that the gods of each period are different, have their own historical brand and deity, it is difficult to generalize. We can think that "all history is contemporary history", but history is history, what has happened cannot be changed, the dead cannot be resurrected, will not change because of today's numerous interpretations and transitional interpretations. The cognition of history is very puzzling, especially in the unusual and complicated norms today, just hope this paper can become a qualified history paper.
【学位授予单位】：复旦大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2006
【分类号】：K18

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