近代中日两国聘用外籍专家的比较研究

发布时间：2018-06-29 19:09

本文选题：洋务运动 + 明治政府　；参考：《曲阜师范大学》2009年硕士论文

【摘要】： 19世纪60年代至19世纪末,在中日两国摄取西方文明、推进本国近代化的过程中,都曾聘请了大量外籍专家。本文通过对这一历史现象的全面比较,从一个侧面阐释了中日近代不同命运的原因,并从中总结出了几点经验教训和历史启示。通过对中日聘用外籍专家的起点与过程的比较,可以发现存在诸多不同点。(1)起始点有所不同:由于中国在聘用洋员的过程中发生了洋务派与顽固派的激烈争论和冲突,故起步晚,且进展迟缓;而日本则没有发生类似的争论和冲突,故起步早、步伐快;且聘用的目的也存在着维持封建统治(中国)与发展资本主义(日本)之别。(2)聘用人数:日本远多于中国;且作为小国的日本相较于老大的中国而言,其平均密度更高。(3)所聘洋员的职业分布:在中国以技师为主,且主要集中在军事工业和重工业部门,学西方停留在“器物”层面;而日本则广泛分布于行政、军事、经济、司法、教育等各领域及私人资本企业中。(4)聘用的主体:在中国承担聘用洋员任务的主体是洋务派,在日本则是明治政府,二者在权威性及领导者的素质等方面也存在差异。中日两国在对洋员的选聘条件及使用管理上也存在差异。(1)洋务派在与洋员签订的合同中,对其权限的规定较为宽泛,且含糊不清;日本则明确具体,并实行政府批准制度。(2)聘用待遇虽然两国都很丰厚,但在中国无归划、不统一;而日本则由统一的计划。(3)在使用管理上,无论在限制洋员传播西方伦理,还是在严格履行合约方面,也存在着监督不力与严格控制之别。外籍专家在中日两国近代化过程中所起的作用及影响也存在差异。洋务派在技术引进、创办企业过程中,存在着迷信洋员、过分依赖洋员的现象,且在对本国新式人才的培养方面收效甚微;而日本则经过了一个由初期的依赖到注重培养本国人才,以并逐步实现了人才自给和技术自立的发展过程。通过上述比较,给我们提供的经验教训和历史启示是:在人才引进和使用过程中,要坚持独立自主的原则;必须建立科学完善的合同管理制度;要注重培养本国的科技队伍,等等。
[Abstract]:From the 1860s to the end of the 19th century, both China and Japan engaged a large number of foreign experts in the process of absorbing Western civilization and promoting the modernization of their own countries. Through a comprehensive comparison of this historical phenomenon, this paper explains the causes of different fates between China and Japan in modern times from one side, and sums up some experiences and lessons and historical revelations from them. By comparing the starting point and the process of employing foreign experts between China and Japan, we can find that there are many differences. (1) the starting point is different: because of the fierce controversy and conflict between Westernists and die-hards in the process of employing foreigners in China, Therefore, the start is late and the progress is slow, while Japan does not have similar disputes and conflicts, so it starts early and steps quickly. There is also a difference between maintaining feudal rule (China) and developing capitalism (Japan). (2) Japan employs far more people than China; and Japan, as a small country, is compared to China as the eldest. The average density is higher. (3) the occupation distribution of the foreign personnel employed in China is dominated by technicians and mainly concentrated in the military industry and heavy industry sectors, while Japan is widely distributed in the administrative, military, and economic sectors. Judicial, educational and other fields and private capital enterprises. (4) the main body of employment: in China, the main task of employing foreign personnel is Western-style, in Japan is the Meiji government, there are differences in authority and leadership quality between the two. There are also differences between China and Japan in terms of appointment and management of the use of foreign officers. (1) in the contracts signed with foreign staff, the Westernization Service has broad and ambiguous terms of reference; Japan is clear and specific. And implement the government approval system. (2) although the two countries are very rich in terms of employment, they are not classified and unified in China, while Japan is under a unified plan. (3) in terms of use and management, no matter in restricting the dissemination of Western ethics by foreign personnel, Or in the strict implementation of the contract, there is also a lack of supervision and strict control of the difference. There are also differences in the role and influence of foreign experts in the process of modernization between China and Japan. In the process of introducing technology and setting up enterprises, Westernization school has superstitious foreign personnel, relying too much on foreign personnel, and has little effect on the cultivation of new talents in our country. Japan, on the other hand, has gone through a process from the initial stage of dependence to the training of its own talents, and the gradual realization of self-sufficiency of talents and technological independence. Through the above comparison, the experience, lessons and historical enlightenment provided to us are: in the process of introducing and using talents, we must adhere to the principle of independence, we must establish a scientific and perfect contract management system, and we should pay attention to the training of our own scientific and technological team. Wait
【学位授予单位】：曲阜师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2009
【分类号】：K252;K313

【引证文献】