美国新镇开发及其特征

发布时间：2018-06-29 22:08

本文选题：埃比尼泽·霍华德 + 田园城市理论　；参考：《河北师范大学》2009年硕士论文

【摘要】： 19世纪末,英国人埃比尼泽·霍华德出版了城市规划经典之作《明日的田园城市》,提出将城市与乡村的优点结合为一体,缔造新型城镇的田园城市理论,为各国新镇运动提供了理论基础。美国新镇运动起步于20世纪20年代初,止步于20世纪80年代初,大致经历了试验期和发展成熟期两大历史阶段,积累了大量关于城市规划、建造、管理和解决多种城市问题的经验教训,具有极其重要的研究价值。本文将详细分析美国新镇运动的发展过程,准确提炼美国新镇的特征,比较全面地总结美国新镇运动的影响。正文的第一部分从霍华德的田园城市理论诞生的背景、田园城市理论的主要内容、田园城市理论的实质及对其评价等三方面,详细介绍霍华德的田园城市理论。着重利用霍氏三图分析田园城市理论的主要内容,阐明其理论实质是一种分散、再集中的集约型分散人口方式。正文的第二部分详细记述20世纪20年代至40年代末美国新镇运动处在试验期的发展历史。20世纪20年代,克莱伦斯·斯坦组建美国区域规划协会,依据田园城市理论修建了美国第一座新镇雷德本,标志着美国新镇运动开始。新政时期,美国联邦政府依据田园城市理论,修建了3座绿带城镇,可惜试验期的新镇项目均以失败告终。正文的第三部分详细记述20世纪60年代至80年代初美国新镇运动处在发展成熟期的历史进程。其间主要建设了私人再建新镇项目、联邦与私人合作新镇项目,其中新镇哥伦比亚取得了空前的成功,标志美国新镇运动进入成熟阶段。1975年,出于种种原因,美国联邦政府宣布停止向新增新镇项目提供债券担保,加之一批新镇项目相继破产,美国新镇运动急速衰落。1983年,里根政府终止了联邦与私人合作建设新镇计划,美国新镇运动后继发展乏力,基本陷入停滞。正文的第四部分将美国郊区作为参照物,具体分析并提炼出美国新镇的特征。该部分首先阐明以美国郊区作为照物的原因。然后提炼出美国新镇的特征4点:一是整体规划、功能完备、设施齐全,这是田园城市理论自足原则的要求:二是高投资、高风险;三是异质性强,表现在经济收入异质性和种族异质性两个方面;四是多途径交通,美国新镇一般都拥有多种途径相互配合的交通系统,有意限制对私家车的滥用行为,积极发展公共交通。正文的第五部分总结美国新镇运动的三大影响。第一,美国新镇运动为美国中心城市改造提供了新方法。第二,美国新镇运动极大地推动了美国建筑规划和规划理论的发展,第三,美国新镇运动也极大影响了美国联邦政府住房和规划政策的制定。
[Abstract]:At the end of the 19th century, Ebenezer Howard, a British man, published his classic urban planning book, "the Rural City of tomorrow", which proposed combining the advantages of the city with the countryside to create a new type of rural urban theory. It provides a theoretical basis for the movement of new towns in various countries. The new town movement in the United States started in the early 1920s and stopped at the beginning of the 1980s. It generally experienced two historical stages, the experimental period and the development and maturity period, and accumulated a large amount of information on urban planning and construction. The experience and lessons of managing and solving various urban problems are of great value. This paper will analyze in detail the development process of American New Town Movement, accurately refine the characteristics of American New Town Movement, and summarize the influence of American New Town Movement in an all-round way. The first part of the text introduces Howard's rural city theory in detail from three aspects: the background of the birth of Howard's rural city theory, the main content of the rural city theory, the essence of the rural city theory and its evaluation. The main contents of the rural city theory are analyzed by using the Huo's three maps, and the essence of the theory is expounded as a decentralized, reconcentrated and intensive scattered population mode. The second part of the text describes in detail the history of the New Town Movement in the United States during the experimental period from the 1920s to the late 1940s. Clarence Stein formed the American Association for Regional Planning in the 1920s. The first new town of America, Redburn, was built according to the theory of pastoral city, marking the beginning of the New Town Movement in the United States. During the New deal period, the federal government built three green belt towns according to the theory of rural cities, but the new town projects in the experimental period all ended in failure. The third part of the text describes in detail the historical process of the new town movement in the United States during the period of development and maturity from 1960's to early 1980's. During this period, private reconstruction projects were mainly built, and the federal and private cooperative new towns project, in which the new town of Colombia achieved unprecedented success, marked the mature stage of the new town movement in the United States. In 1975, for a variety of reasons, The federal government announced a halt to bond guarantees for new town projects, and a number of new town projects went bankrupt, leading to a sharp decline in the new town movement. In 1983, the Reagan administration ended the federal and private partnership to build new towns. The new town movement in the United States, followed by a lack of development, the basic stagnation. The fourth part of the text takes the American suburb as the reference material, and concretely analyzes and refines the characteristics of the American New Town. This section first illustrates the reasons for taking the suburbs of the United States as photographs. Then it abstracts the characteristics of the new towns in the United States: one is the overall planning, the function is complete, and the facilities are complete. This is the requirement of the principle of self-sufficiency of the rural cities: second, high investment, high risk, and third, strong heterogeneity. It is manifested in two aspects: income heterogeneity and race heterogeneity. Fourth, multi-channel traffic, American new towns generally have a multi-channel traffic system, intentionally limit the abuse of private cars, and actively develop public transport. The fifth part of the text summarizes the three major impacts of the New Town Movement in the United States. First, the New Town Movement in the United States provided a new method for the transformation of American central cities. Second, the New Town Movement has greatly promoted the development of architectural planning and planning theory in the United States. Third, the New Town Movement has greatly affected the housing and planning policies of the federal government of the United States.
【学位授予单位】：河北师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2009
【分类号】：K712

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