斯大林模式的是与非

发布时间：2018-07-03 04:27

本文选题：斯大林模式 + 是与非　；参考：《中国社会科学院研究生院》2002年博士论文

【摘要】： 斯大林模式是斯大林执政时期苏联缔造起来的社会主义模式，它在世界社会主义发展史上占有极重要的地位，历来是学术研究的难点和学术争论的焦点。自1956年非斯大林化运动以后，对斯大林及斯大林模式的评价就成为国际共产主义运动内部以及世界东西方政治思想界激烈交锋的热门话题。苏东剧变后，这一话题再度被热炒，斯大林模式的是非及其与苏联解体的关系成了国内外理论研究的热点，斯大林模式及其理念又成为西方反共思潮的主要攻击目标。对于这个难题，本论文运用马克思主义的立场、观点和方法，从落后国家现代化的新角度，即从工业化的启动和进展、生产方式的变革、政党制度的嬗变、意识形态的更新、文化传统的传承和人民群众文化水平的提高等角度，借鉴社会心理学、制度经济学和发展社会学等学科的方法进行跨学科研究。在廓清“社会形态、社会制度与社会模式”、“斯大林模式与斯大林体制”、“斯大林模式与苏联模式”、“斯大林模式与斯大林主义”、“斯大林模式与斯大林时期苏联的社会运动、社会问题”、“斯大林模式与斯大林个人的社会活动”、“社会主义模式的一般性与斯大林模式的个性”等7组概念的区别的基础上，本论文扼要地阐明了重评斯大林模式的意义和方法，然后分五章剖析斯大林模式形成的社会条件和思想根源、斯大林的社会主义理论、斯大林模式的基本特征、斯大林模式的历史作用及其弊端和斯大林模式对世界的影响，对斯大林模式作出了全面系统的评价。本论文认为：斯大林模式的诞生是苏联现代化进程上不得不进行的体制转轨。当时国内严峻的社会危机和国际上的风云变幻使苏联社会产生了停止实行相对分散的新经济政策的客观要求，为了巩固苏维埃政权，，为了积极备战，为了建成社会主义和实现赶超西方发达资本主义国家的理想，高度集中的斯大林模式应运而生。综观斯大林模式诞生和实行的情况，以斯大林为首的联共(布)中央领导人对马克思列宁主义的理解和运用、俄罗斯独特的民族意识和文化传统、斯大林个人的思维方式三者是斯大林模式诞生的思想根源。斯大林的社会主义理论，是他在领导苏联人民保卫和发展社会主义的实践中产生的，具有强烈的现实针对性。在分析列宁逝世后俄共(布)党内关于一国能否建成社会主义、工业化和农村问题的争论，揭示二十年代中、后期苏联国内阶级状况的新变化基础上，本论文认为，斯大林的一国建成社会主义论及其社会主义工业化、农业集体化、阶级斗争和指令性计划经济体制理论等的产生都具有一定的现实性，这些理论是引导苏联人民在孤立无助的处境中积极进行社会主义建设的思想武器。不可否认，斯大林社会主义理论的逻辑结构不够严整，有些还存在着明显的缺陷。斯大林时期苏联出现的过失与这些缺陷是相关的，肃反扩大化的发生与斯大林阶级斗争理论不无关系，苏联农业长期发展滞后与斯大林农业集体化理论也是有关的。但是，总的讲，鉴于当时特定的历史条件，对斯大林社会主义理论的评价，不应拘泥于对其理论逻辑严整性的分析，而应到社会实践中去探求。尽管这些理论存在不足，但它们满足了社会的要求，总体上是推动了社会发展的。斯大林模式的基本特征是高度集中，这在经济、政治和文化体制三方面都有着明确的表现。在经济上，苏联建立了单一的生产资料公有制，运用行政手段执行指令性计划，对工农业生产及工农业产品的分配和流通都进行了高度集中的管理。在这种经济体制内部，联共（布）和中央政府通过国家计划委员会对全社会的经济活动进行了全面控制，经济发展自身的规律受到排斥。在政治上，苏联实行了权力高度集中的一党领导制度，执政党内权力高度集中于党中央，联盟中央对各加盟共和国进行了强有力的领导，通过安全机关大力加强无产阶级专政的镇压职能。在联共（布）的权力结构中，党的全国代表大会是党的最高权力机关，在其休会期间党的领导权由中央委员会行使，在中央委员会休会期间党的政治事务由政治局及其日常办事机构书记处处理。对此，本论文认为，只要坚决贯彻民主集中制，保证党的代表大会对中央委员会和政治局、书记处的领导，这些现象乃是政治生活的正常情况，而不是政治体制的弊端。在文化上，苏联通过政治批判构造一元化意识形态，国家对文化教育和科研事业都进行了高度集中的管理。经济、政治、文化体制在实践中产生互动，使整个社会都具备了高度集中的特征。比较科学社会主义的本质特征与斯大林模式的基本特征可见，斯大林模式是社会主义的一种模式，它具有社会主义制度的一般性，也具有自身的个性。斯大林模式在实践中发。；：～挥了重大作用，它使苏联打败德国法西斯，使苏联在现代化的进程上取得非凡成就。从落后国家现代化的角度看，斯大林模式在推进工业化，提高国家的综合实力和社会的文化科学水平等方面都取得了辉煌成就。由斯大林领导开创的实行计划经济体制和优先发展重工业的现代化道路，是人类历史上与英国开创的资本主义现代化途径并列的另一种现代化途径，尽管这种途径具有一定的时代局限性，但它在苏联所取得的举
[Abstract]:The Stalin model is a socialist model created by the Soviet Union during the period of Stalin's ruling. It occupies an important position in the history of the development of the world socialism. It has always been the difficulty of academic research and the focus of academic debate. Since the non Stalin movement in 1956, the evaluation of Stalin and Stalin has become an international communism. The hot topic between the movement inside and the political and ideological circles of the East and the West in the world. After the upheaval of the Soviet East, this topic has been heated again. The relationship between Stalin's mode and the disintegration of the Soviet Union has become a hot spot of theoretical research at home and abroad. The Stalin model and its concept have become the main target of attack in the Western anti Communist trend of thought. In this paper, the thesis uses the standpoint, view and method of Marx doctrine, from the new angle of modernization of the backward countries, that is, from the start and progress of industrialization, the change of the mode of production, the evolution of the political party system, the renewal of ideology, the inheritance of cultural tradition and the improvement of the level of the people's cultural transformation. The methods of economics and sociology are interdisciplinary research.
In the clearance of "social form, social system and social model", "Stalin model and Stalin system", "Stalin mode and Soviet model", "Stalin mode and Stalin doctrine", "Stalin mode and Stalin period Soviet social movement, social problems", "Stalin model and individual social activities" On the basis of the differences between the 7 groups of concepts such as "the general character of the socialist model and the personality of Stalin model", this paper briefly expounds the significance and methods of reassessing the Stalin model, and then analyzes the social and ideological roots of the formation of Stalin's mode, Stalin's socialist theory and the basic Stalin model in the five chapters. Characteristics, the historical role of Stalin model and its disadvantages and the influence of Stalin model on the world, make a comprehensive and systematic evaluation of the Stalin model.
The birth of the Stalin model was an institutional transition that had to be carried out in the process of the modernization of the Soviet Union. At that time, the severe social crisis in the country and the changes in the world made the Soviet society produce an objective requirement to stop the implementation of the relatively decentralized new economic policy. In order to consolidate the Soviet regime, in order to actively prepare for war, to build socialism and to build socialism, To realize the ideal of catching up with the western developed capitalist countries, a highly centralized Stalin model came into being. A comprehensive view of the birth and implementation of Stalin mode was made. The understanding and application of the central leaders of the Communist Party of China to Marx Lenin led by Stalin, and the national consciousness and cultural tradition of Russian alone, and the individual thought of Stalin. The three dimension is the ideological root of the birth of the Stalin model.
Stalin's socialist theory is produced in the practice of leading the Soviet people to defend and develop socialism and has a strong realistic pertinence. In the analysis of the dispute between the Communist Party of Russia and the Communist Party of the party on whether a country can build socialism, industrialization and rural issues after Lenin's death, it reveals the internal class status of the Soviet Union in the late 20s and in the latter part of the Soviet Union. On the basis of the new change of the situation, this thesis holds that Stalin's theory of building socialism and its socialist industrialization, agricultural collectivization, class struggle and the economic system theory of command plan all have certain realities. These theories are to guide the Soviet people to build socialism in an isolated situation. It is undeniable that the logical structure of Stalin's socialist theory is not very strict, and there are some obvious defects. The negligence of the Soviet Union in the Stalin period is related to these defects. The occurrence of the expansion of the Soviet Union is not related to the theory of Stalin's class struggle, and the long-term development of Soviet agriculture lags behind Stalin.
The theory of agricultural collectivism is also relevant. However, in general, in view of the specific historical conditions at that time, Stalin was the main body of society.
The evaluation of the theory of justice should not be rigidly adhered to the analysis of the integrity of its theoretical logic, but should be explored in social practice.
These theories are inadequate, but they meet the needs of the society and promote social development as a whole.
The basic characteristics of the Stalin model are highly concentrated, which is clear in three aspects: the economic, political and cultural systems.
Economically, the Soviet Union has established a single public ownership of means of production, using executive means to execute mandatory plans.
The distribution and circulation of industrial and agricultural production and industrial and agricultural products are highly centralized.
The Communist Party of China (CPC) and the central government carried out comprehensive control over the economic activities of the whole society through the State Planning Commission.
In the political arena, the Soviet Union adopted a one party leadership system with high concentration of power and the ruling party.
The power is highly concentrated in the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. The Central Committee of the alliance has strong leadership over the republics.
Strengthening the repressive function of the dictatorship of the proletariat. In the power structure of the Communist Party of China (CPC), the party's National Congress is the party's
During the period of its adjournment, the party's leadership shall be exercised by the Central Committee, and the party's standing shall be held during the adjournment of the Central Committee.
Political affairs are handled by the Politburo and its Secretariat.
Centralism ensures the leadership of the party's Congress to the Central Committee and the Political Bureau and the Secretariat.
Living in normal conditions, not in the malpractice of the political system. In culture, the Soviet Union constructed a unified consciousness through political criticism.
The state has highly centralized management of cultural education and scientific research. Economic, political and cultural systems are in practice.
Interaction in the whole society has highly concentrated characteristics.
The essential characteristics of comparative scientific socialism and the basic characteristics of Stalin model show that the Stalin model is socialism.
It has the general character of the socialist system and its own individuality. The Stalin model is developing in practice.
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It has played a major role in the Soviet Union's defeat of fascist Germany and made the Soviet Union achieve extraordinary success in the process of modernization.
From the perspective of national modernization, the Stalin mode is promoting industrialization, improving the comprehensive strength of the country and social culture.
We have made brilliant achievements in the field of learning and so on. The planned economy system and the priority development of heavy industries pioneered by Stalin were pioneered.
The modernization path of the industry is another modern way parallel to the path of capitalist modernization pioneered in the history of mankind.
Although this path has certain limitations in time, it has been promoted in the Soviet Union.
【学位授予单位】：中国社会科学院研究生院
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2002
【分类号】：K512

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