霍梅尼“毛拉治国”思想研究

发布时间：2018-07-05 07:40

本文选题：伊朗 + 霍梅尼　；参考：《西北大学》2004年博士论文

【摘要】：在梳理二十世纪文明遗产时，我们不能忽略曾经引起世人注目的前伊朗宗教领袖阿亚图拉霍梅尼。通过对其“毛拉治国”理论的研究，我们可从三个层面来看这位世纪风云人物。首先，霍梅尼是一位现代伊斯兰政治家。针对伊朗现代化进程中出现的政治制度不能适应社会进一步发展，道德沦丧，腐败之风盛行，外部势力假巴列维王朝掠夺伊朗资源等问题，他既强调尊重伊朗的民族文化传统，但又不画地为牢，并主张吸取其他文明的先进成果，以补充自己文明发展之不足。霍梅尼在理论上提出了以“伊斯兰法为基础”建立法制社会的构想，在实践上又吸取了西方的三权分立原则。霍梅尼对政府职能的界定避免了西方政府由“自由放任”或“国家干预”而造成的经济动荡以及由此引发的社会动荡。他的宗教领导人要以身作则，宣传和动员民众，最后推翻暴政，建立政权的策略则是由自法国大革命以来的社会运动证明行之有效的。他还提出了“贤哲思想”，“制度育人”，都有一定的科学性。他的“非暴力不合作”斗争策略，使伊朗伊斯兰革命告别了自阿富汗尼以来的武装恐怖，武装夺取政权策略，成了伊斯兰主义的分水岭。在领导伊朗伊斯兰革命的实践中，霍梅尼根据革命形势的需要能进能退，，以身作则，既不主张宗教领袖过分干预政府事务，又能在关键时刻力挽狂澜，从而使他在去世后，给伊朗人民留下一个共和国。法制要由道德的辅佐，他通过对伊斯兰道德的重视，使伊斯兰共和国变成了“法制为主，辅之以德”的国家政体模式，这为伊斯兰国家的政治现代化提供了借鉴。霍梅尼的“毛拉治国”思想经过了在巴列维王朝“君主立宪制”下的由“毛拉”监督伊斯兰法的实施、在伊斯兰政府中由“毛拉”监督伊斯兰法的实施和“毛拉”直接领导下的三权分立三个阶段，这是由伊朗的历史发展所决定的。霍梅尼的“毛拉治国”思想在伊朗伊斯兰共和国的实践中也得到了完善和发展，从而使理论与实践得以互补。其次，霍梅尼是一个带有伊斯兰色彩的现代民族主义者。尽管霍梅尼强调伊斯兰第一，伊朗第二，但在他的《“毛拉治国”》一书中，针对的问题主要是伊朗的问题，论证解决问题所使用的方法和策略都是以伊朗什叶派理论为依据的，所以说，他是一个民族主义者。在全球化面前，在中东问题面前，在美国的霸权主义面前，霍梅尼强调伊斯兰特性，这可视为伊斯兰世界在全球化过程中对区域合作和伊斯兰团结的需要，是稳定中东的需要，是抵御霸权主义的需要。我们应该看到，霍梅尼思想之所以能够在伊斯兰社会产生共鸣，那是因为一些伊斯兰民族在现代化过程中存在着与伊朗类似的情况，但是，他们的环境终究与伊朗不同，这就使得伊朗伊斯兰革命只局限于伊朗，不能传播到伊朗以外的地方。所以，霍梅尼主义是伊朗的霍梅尼主义，不是伊斯兰的霍梅尼主义，说霍梅尼是带有伊斯兰色彩的民族主义者更为合适。最后，霍梅尼是一位现代伊斯兰宗教学者。人的两重性一一物质与精神一一决定人有两种需求，物质的和精神的。人的物质需求决定人要处理好自身与自然的关系，人的精神需求则要求处理好自身与上帝(真主)的关系。宗教所要解决的就是人的精神需求问题，或者说民族的精神需求问题。人的发展是随着生产力的提高，不断限制私欲，提高社会化程度的过程。上帝(真主)是大众意志的集中表现，上帝创造人是指单个人按照大众意志发展自己，去塑造大众希望中的人。只有单个人服从大众意志去发展自己，才能够在生产力高速发展的当今世界处理好人与人的关系，人与自然的关系，乃至国家间的关系，从而实现人真正的或全面的发展。霍梅尼将其称之为“众先知的目的是将人的潜能变成现实，也就是将潜能的人变成现实的人”。所谓“现实的人”是指达到一定精神境界的人，遵守共同法则的人。霍梅尼非常强调“伊斯兰高于一切”，“伊斯兰就是一切”， “伊斯兰旨在人的提高与发展”，“伊斯兰是普世的”。这些充分说明他是一位宗教学者。就霍梅尼政治家、民族主义者和宗教学者三个层面而言，宗教学者的霍梅尼是我们考察的基本出发点，民族主义者的霍梅尼认识到了伊朗民族危机之所在，是我们认识他的重要视角，作为政治家的霍梅尼不但找到了伊朗现代化过程中的病源，而且还开出了 “药方”，并亲自实施了“手术”.只有当我们从这三个层面来认识这位世纪风云人物时，才会对他做出比较公允的评价。从整体上来看，霍梅尼的“毛拉治国”思想反映了伊朗现代化过程中对政治现代化的追求，是民族振兴在特定时期树立民族价值观的反映，是伊朗在全球化过程中以独立法人身份参与其中的本能要求。一个民族的价值观是团结凝聚国人不可缺少的东西.结合二十世纪的伊朗宪政史，宪法中日益强调伊斯兰传统，表明伊朗文化发展的本土化方向。“毛拉治国”理论及伊朗伊斯兰共和国的实践有利于当今人们所追求的“可持续发展” 这一人类共同目标，也有利于人类交往文明化。
[Abstract]:In combing the cultural heritage of the twentieth Century, we can not ignore the former Iran religious leader ayatura Khomeini. Through his study of the theory of "managing the country by the Mullah", we can see the figure of this century from three levels.
First, Khomeini is a modern Islamic politician. In view of the political system in the process of modernization of Iran, the political system can not adapt to the further development of society, moral decay, the prevailing wind of corruption and the plundering of Iran resources by the external forces of the false Pahlavi Dynasty. He not only emphasizes respect for the national cultural tradition of Iran, but also does not serve as a prisoner. Zhang absorbed the advanced achievements of other civilizations in order to supplement the deficiency of his own civilization. In theory, Khomeini put forward the idea of establishing a legal society based on the "Islamic law", and in practice drew on the western principle of separation of three powers. Khomeini's definition of government function avoided the western government from "laissez faire" or "country". The economic turmoil caused by family intervention and the social unrest caused by it. His religious leaders have to put an example, propagate and mobilize the people by example, and finally overthrow the tyranny, and the strategy for the establishment of power is proved effective by the social movement since the French Revolution. He also has the "Sage thought" and "system educating". A certain scientific nature. His "non violent and non cooperative" struggle strategy made the Islamic revolution of Iran bid farewell to armed terror since Afghanistan, seize power by armed forces and become the watershed of Islamism.
In the practice of leading the Islamic revolution in Iran, Khomeini can be able to retreat in accordance with the needs of the revolutionary situation, by example, not to advocate the excessive intervention of religious leaders in government affairs, and to save the world at a critical moment, so that after his death, he will leave a common country to the people of Iran. The moral importance has made the Islamic Republic a model of "the rule of law with virtue", which provides a reference for the political modernization of the Islamic countries.
Khomeini's thought of "managing the country by the Mullah" was carried out by the "Mullah" under the "constitutional monarchy" of the Pahlavi Dynasty. In the Islamic government, the implementation of the Islamic law and the separation of the three powers under the direct leadership of "Mullah" were divided into three stages, which were determined by the historical development of Iran. Khomeini's thought of "Mullah" has also been perfected and developed in Islamic Republic of Iran, so that theory and practice can be complemented.
Secondly, Khomeini is a modern nationalist with Islamic color.
Although Khomeini stressed the first of Islam, Iran second, but in his "the" "the country of Mullah" a book, the problem is mainly Iran, the methods and strategies used to prove the solution to the problem are based on the Iran Shiite theory as the basis.
According to it, he is a nationalist.
In the face of globalization, in the face of the Middle East problem and in the face of hegemonism in the United States, Khomeini emphasized the characteristics of Islam.
This can be seen as a need for regional cooperation and Islamic unity in the process of globalization in the Islamic world, and a need to stabilize the Middle East.
It is necessary to resist hegemonism. We should see that Khomeini thought can be produced in Islamic society.
Resonance is due to the fact that some Islamic nations are similar to Iran in the process of modernization.
The environment is different from Iran, which makes the Islamic revolution in Iran only limited to Iran, and can not be spread beyond Iran.
Therefore, Khomeini doctrine is Iran's Khomeini doctrine, not Islamist Khomeini doctrine, says Khomeini.
It is more suitable for nationalists with Islamic colors.
Finally, Khomeini is a modern Islamic scholar. The duality of human beings is determined by material and spiritual factors.
There are two kinds of needs, material and spiritual. The material needs of man determine that man should deal with the relationship between himself and nature.
Spiritual need requires that we deal with the relationship between ourselves and God.
The development of human beings is to increase the productivity and limit selfish desires.
The process of socialization. God (Allah) is the concentrated expression of the volition of the people.
Volition will develop itself and shape the people in hope. Only a single person will obey the public will to develop himself.
It is enough to deal with the relationship between good people and people, the relationship between man and nature, and even between nations.
In order to achieve real or comprehensive development of human beings, Khomeini called it "the purpose of many prophets" to subdue human beings.
It can be turned into reality, that is, a person who turns potential into reality. "Real person" means a certain mental state.
People in the world abide by the common law. Khomeini emphasized that Islam is above everything else and Islam is everything.
"Islam aims at the improvement and development of human beings" and "Islam is universal", which fully shows that he is a religious scholar.
As for Khomeini politicians, nationalists and religious scholars, Khomeini is the religious scholar's three level.
The basic starting point of the survey is that Khomeini, a nationalist, recognized the national crisis in Iran.
As an important politician, Khomeini not only found the source of disease in the process of modernization in Iran, but also opened up.
"Prescription" and personally implemented the "surgery". Only when we come to understand this century's figure from these three levels,
He will make a fair assessment of him.
On the whole, Khomeini's thought of "Mullah" is a reflection of political modernization in the process of modernization in Iran.
The pursuit is the reflection of national rejuvenation in the specific period and the independence of Iran in the process of globalization.
The values of a nation are indispensable to unite and unite people.
In addition to the constitutional history of Iran in twentieth Century, the Islamic tradition is increasingly emphasized in the constitution, which indicates the localization of Iran's cultural development.
The theory of "Mullah" and the practice of Islamic Republic of Iran are conducive to the "sustainable development" pursued by people today.
This common goal of mankind is also conducive to the civilization of human interaction.
【学位授予单位】：西北大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2004
【分类号】：K373

【引证文献】