论马歇尔计划时期英美对欧洲一体化的政策

发布时间：2018-07-10 02:02

本文选题：马歇尔计划 + 欧洲一体化　；参考：《山东师范大学》2007年硕士论文

【摘要】： 二战之后,美国作为一个非欧洲国家,在欧洲拥有重大的利益。从全球战略意义考虑,为遏制苏联,追求世界霸权,美国出台援助“欧洲复兴”的“马歇尔计划”,正式提出“欧洲一体化”的观念,为欧洲的复兴和发展指明方向。在计划实施的过程中,美国还积极推动建立各种经济合作机构,并支持欧洲的军事合作,加强了西欧各国的彼此联系。在美国人心中,马歇尔计划是一个组织、经济、政治力量的集合体,被打上了“美国合作主义”的烙印。在马歇尔计划的背景下,英国作为欧洲大国之一,无论是在整个欧洲国际体系中,还是在欧洲一体化进程中,都是一个不容忽视的因素。对欧政策,是战后英国总体外交政策的一个组成部分,而对欧洲一体化的立场和态度则是这一政策的核心。但在马歇尔计划实施期间,英国作为美国最重要的盟友,在一体化政策上同美国背道而驰。从本国利益出发,英国在随后的对欧洲联合的政策上,自始至终总是处于左右摇摆的状态,与欧洲大陆保持若即若离的关系。在一体化政策上,尤其是经济方面同美国针锋相对,甚至流露出明显的憎恶之情。但在军事一体化方面,英国则表现出浓厚的兴趣,积极配合美国在欧洲的军事一体化政策。在美国的领导下,英国扮演起领导军事一体化的积极角色,两国齐心协力地推动欧洲军事一体化的发展。从上述内容分析,在马歇尔计划实施时期,经济方面,英国对欧洲一体化是一个阻力,美国是一个拉力,一个被称为欧洲一体化“牡蛎中的沙粒”,一个被称为欧洲一体化“火箭的助推剂”。但在军事一体化方面,英国是个拉力,美国则表现为推力,二者为西欧军事一体化共同努力。美国一如既往地支持欧洲一体化,以及英国对军事和经济两方面截然不同的态度是有其深刻原因的。它反映了一国政府制定国家外交政策的根本出发点是国家利益,国家利益高于一切,是国家对外行为的根本动因和基本依据,决定一国如何调整国家对外行为的方式。而且,马歇尔计划期间,英美两国在经济上的矛盾和军事上的一致性,充分说明了两国的特殊关系,用相互依赖理论可做出合理分析。
[Abstract]:After World War II, the United States, as a non-European country, had significant interests in Europe. Considering from the global strategic significance, in order to contain the Soviet Union and pursue the world hegemony, the United States put forward the concept of "European integration" formally and pointed out the direction of Europe's rejuvenation and development. In the process of implementing the plan, the United States has also actively promoted the establishment of various economic cooperation agencies and supported military cooperation in Europe, thus strengthening the ties among Western European countries. For Americans, the Marshall Plan is a collection of organizational, economic, and political forces that are branded as "American cooperation." In the context of the Marshall Plan, Britain, as one of the European powers, is a factor that can not be ignored in the whole European international system or in the process of European integration. The European policy is an integral part of Britain's overall foreign policy after the war, and the position and attitude towards European integration are the core of this policy. But during the Marshall Plan, Britain, as America's most important ally, ran counter to its integration policy. For the sake of its own interests, Britain's subsequent policy towards European union has always been left and right, and it has maintained a distant relationship with the European continent. In terms of integration policy, especially in economic terms, it was tit-for-tat with the United States, even showing a clear sense of abomination. However, in the field of military integration, Britain showed great interest and actively cooperated with the United States military integration policy in Europe. Under the leadership of the United States, Britain played an active role in leading military integration, and the two countries worked together to promote the development of military integration in Europe. From the above analysis, in the Marshall Plan implementation period, the United Kingdom is a resistance to European integration, the United States is a pull, a European integration called the "sand in the oyster." A rocket booster known as European integration. But in the aspect of military integration, Britain is a pulling force, the United States is a thrust, and the two are the common efforts of Western European military integration. There are profound reasons for America's continued support for European integration and for Britain's radically different military and economic attitudes. It reflects that the fundamental starting point for a government to formulate national foreign policy is the national interest, which is the fundamental motivation and basic basis of the state's foreign behavior, and determines how a country adjusts its foreign behavior. Moreover, during the Marshall Plan, the economic contradiction and military consistency between Britain and the United States fully explained the special relationship between the two countries, and the theory of interdependence can be used to make a reasonable analysis.
【学位授予单位】：山东师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2007
【分类号】：K153

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