沙特阿拉伯国家构建中的部落因素

发布时间：2018-07-12 13:22

  本文选题：沙特阿拉伯 + 国家构建　； 参考：《西北大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：沙特阿拉伯作为阿拉伯半岛上最大的国家,其国土面积占半岛总面积的约80%以上。沙特阿拉伯的气候炎热干燥,境内只有一些季节性河流,无常年性河流,国土面积50%的地区都被沙漠覆盖。恶劣的自然环境决定了在阿拉伯半岛长期的历史发展中,逐水草而居的游牧生活始终占据主导地位。部落是阿拉伯半岛上主要的社会单元。部落传统植根于阿拉伯半岛游牧民生活的方方面面。19世纪末20世纪初,沙特家族的领袖伊本·沙特在瓦哈比派伊斯兰教教义的旗帜下,经过20多年的部落征服战争,兼并了阿拉伯半岛上的绝大部分地区,最终在1932年建立了以沙特家族为统治核心的沙特阿拉伯王国。沙特阿拉伯国家的建立,对阿拉伯半岛的影响是巨大的。自古以来在阿拉伯半岛,由于自然条件和生产方式的局限,阿拉伯半岛一直缺乏堪称“国家组织”或“国家政权”形式的实践。在早期沙特王国诞生前的阿拉伯半岛,除个别短暂的历史时期外,几乎没有出现或产生过任何一种结构复杂和功能分化也比较健全的政权形式。对阿拉伯半岛上游牧民而言,“国家观念”或“国家意识”是陌生的。民族国家作为近代以来主要的国际关系体,是一种普遍的国家形式。沙特阿拉伯家族统治的教俗合一的政治体制,在中东地区甚至世界范围内都具有特殊性。在其建国后的几十年中,无论中东其他国家政权如何更迭,国际风云如何变幻,沙特阿拉伯国家始终保持着传统的家族统治的政治体制,并在平稳的政治环境中实现王权在沙特家族内部的过渡。因此,对沙特国家构建的研究具有现实意义。在沙特阿拉伯国家构建的过程中,部落因素起到了二重作用。在完成统一的过程中,伊本·沙特为打破氏族部落组织,割除游牧社会弊端,以瓦哈比派伊斯兰教教义为旗帜,发动了伊赫万运动,使部落关系根深蒂固的阿拉伯半岛发生巨大变化,瓦哈比派的兄弟之爱取代了传统氏族部落的血缘纽带,将各部落团结在伊本·沙特的周围,共同保卫内志和沙特政权;同时,伊赫万士兵是沙特军队中的一支劲旅,在伊本·沙特统一国家、兼并各部落的过程中,发挥了不可忽视的作用。而后期伊赫万运动的过热势头,也使伊本·沙特面临诸多纷争和困扰。沙特家族、瓦哈比派、伊赫万运动是伊本·沙特角逐权力、开疆拓土并最终建立国家的三大支柱。在新生的政权建立后,伊本·沙特面临着构建国家机器和继续整合部落社会的历史任务。在建国初期伊本·沙特采用一系列政治手段来克服血缘传统和部落结构的影响,巩固君主制的中央集权制度。完善以家族统治为核心的中央集权制度,建立协商会议制度,打破部落社会的障碍,建立地方行政机构和独立的司法体系。极力镇压部落保守势力的反叛,避免了家族统治的中央集权国家被部落联盟所取代。石油工业的崛起、交通和通讯网的形成,对沙特阿拉伯社会的影响是巨大的,沙特阿拉伯传统部落社会受到巨大的冲击。沙特阿拉伯由单一的农牧社会结构向多元的现代社会过渡。但是在沙特社会结构中无论来自哪个社会阶层,部落和家族的观念依然有深厚的根基。在社会的各个方面这种部落和家族传统都有明显的影响,家族依然是社会结构的中心,决定一个人的社会地位的关键因素仍是他的出生,属于哪个部落或者家族。部落因素对沙特社会的影响至今依然存在。
[Abstract]:Saudi Arabia, the largest country on the Arabia Peninsula, occupies about 80% of the total area of the peninsula. The climate of Saudi Arabia is hot and dry, there are only some seasonal rivers in China, there are no permanent rivers, and 50% of the land area is covered by the desert. The bad natural environment determines the long-term calendar in the Arabia peninsula. In the development of history, the nomadic life of water and grass has always dominated. Tribes are the main social units in the Arabia peninsula. Tribal traditions are rooted in all aspects of the life of the herdsmen in the Arabia Peninsula in the early twentieth Century of the.19 century. The leader of the Saudi family, Ibn Saud, under the banner of the Islamic teachings of the van ha Bi, passed through more than 20 The tribe conquered the war and annexed most of the Arabia Peninsula, and finally established the kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 1932 with the Saudi family as the core. The Saudi Arabian country was established and the impact on the Arabia peninsula was great. Since ancient times, the Arabia Peninsula, due to the limitations of natural conditions and production methods, has been established. The Arabia Peninsula has always been lacking in the form of "state organization" or "state power". In the early period of the early kingdom of Saudi Arabia, the Arabia Peninsula, except for a few short historical periods, had hardly appeared or produced any kind of political form of complex structure and functional differentiation. Nomadic on the Arabia peninsula. The "state concept" or "state consciousness" is unfamiliar to the people. The national state, as the main international relations body since modern times, is a universal form of state. The political system of the unity of religion and vulgarity ruled by the Saudi Arabian family has special characteristics in the Middle East and even in the world. How to change the political power of other countries in the Middle East and how the international climate changes, the Saudi Arabia has always maintained the traditional political system of family rule, and realized the transition of the royal power within the Saudi family in a stable political environment. Therefore, the research on the Saudi countries is of practical significance. In the course of the process, tribal factors played a double role. In the process of reunification, Ibn Saudi is breaking the clan tribal organization, cutting out the malpractice of the nomadic society, taking the Islamic doctrines of the wabababi as the banner, and launching the ihwan movement, making great changes in the deep-rooted Arabia Peninsula and the love of the brotherhood of the wabikabi faction. It took the place of the blood ties of the traditional tribe tribes to unite the tribes around Ibn Saudi Arabia to defend the inner and Saudi regimes; at the same time, the ikwan soldiers were a powerful brigade in the Saudi army. In the process of unifying the country and annexing the tribes, the ikh Saudi Arabia played an unnegligible role. The hot momentum also made Ibn Saud face a lot of disputes and puzzles. The Saudi family, the Wahab school and the ekhavan movement were the three pillars of Eben Saudi Arabia. After the establishment of the new political power, Ibn Saudi Arabia faced the historical task of building a national machine and continuing to integrate the tribal society. In the early days, Ibn Saudi Arabia adopted a series of political means to overcome the influence of the blood tradition and the tribal structure, consolidate the centralism system of the monarchy, perfect the centralization system at the core of the family rule, establish a consultative conference system, break the obstacles of the tribal society, establish the local administrative institutions and the independent judicial system. The rebellion of the conservative forces and the replacement of the centralised countries ruled by the family were replaced by the tribal alliance. The rise of the oil industry, the formation of the transport and communication networks, the impact of the Saudi Arabian society on the Saudi society was huge, and the Saudi Arabian traditional tribal society was greatly impacted. The Saudi Arabia was diversified from a single agricultural and pastoral social structure to pluralism. But in the social structure of the Saudi society, no matter which social stratum comes from, the concept of tribes and families still has a deep foundation. In all aspects of the society, the tribes and family traditions have obvious influence, the family is still the center of the social structure, and the key factor to determine the social status of a person is still his. The tribe or clan is born. The influence of tribal factors on Saudi society still exists.
【学位授予单位】：西北大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：K384
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本文编号：2117296