论里根时代的福利改革

发布时间：2018-07-12 20:16

本文选题：福利 + 里根政府　；参考：《复旦大学》2006年博士论文

【摘要】： 上世纪八十年代，美国的社会福利制度正遭受来自新保守主义的政治新观念、供应学派和货币学派的福利观以及美国福利学界、社会工作者和民众“反福利论”的巨大挑战，上世纪三十年代中期形成的罗斯福“新政”式福利模式经历约翰逊时期“伟大社会”计划之后遭受到来自各方的质疑。在普遍的“福利培养依赖和懒汉”的民意舆论下，美国的福利制度发展面临危机。不仅如此，更多的证据还显示美国的社会保险计划正陷于财政危机当中，由于退休人口超出想象的增长，美国的养老社会保险基金即将用罄，大量的在职工作者将面临老年后无养老保险可用的危险。在这种条件下，美国国内连续多年经济情势低迷，经济发展出现高通货膨胀率和高失业率并存的滞胀局面，可谓“屋漏偏遭连夜雨”。面对这种不利局面，美国如何挽回民众对社会福利政策的信心，如何调整政策使发展经济的根本目标同社会福利政策的社会目标相协调，美国将如何改革其固有的“新政”式福利发展路线，都是极为重要的问题。本文以历史回顾的方式，试图论述美国二十世纪八十年代福利改革的历史进程，以及它的国内影响和国际影响，通过对这一时代福利变革的原因、经过和结果的阐释，概括出美国这一时期福利改革的基本特征，并对此事件进行历史的分析和评价。第一章，美国福利政策的发展和福利危机，具体描述美国上世纪八十年代福利改革展开的广泛社会背景，对于其中涉及的经济变化、社会思潮的转型以及政治风向标的转变等重要历史背景进行勾勒，论证美国该阶段进行社会福利变革的必要性和紧迫性；第二章，社会问题与福利政策，重点讨论福利改革前夕福利改革关注的社会问题以及达成的解决政策。特别强调学界争论、民意舆论和美国社会中的重点社会问题对美国社会福利政策产生的重要影响，明确里根时期社会福利政策变革的重点问题。第三章，重构福利契约的实践，主要记述里根作为二战后共和党的代表对美国福利危机的反应。里根及其班底是如何运用“里根经济学”、“新联邦主义”以及新保守主义观念重塑美国福利契约的过程，从整个福利政策的政治储备、立法基础以及具体政策的推行三个方面来说明里根时期社会政策的发展特征：削减和下放。其中重点讨论了州和地方政府对于联邦福利政策变革的反应，从下至上来论证这次改革的实效。最后本章具体论述了里根时期的各项社会福利政策以及里根福利改革的延续，认为政府削减策略的实施取得实效但并未如约定的“平均化”，后者导致了一系列社会问题的出现。第四章，里根福利改革之外，主要讨论政府福利政策改革之外——志愿组织、商业组织和草根组织在美国社会福利史上作用的变化和发展，目的是从政府改革之外的角度讲述美国当时的福利状况，同时也说明美国的福利政策正朝向多元化的发展方向迈进。第五章，评价里根时期福利改革，则着重分析和评价里根时期的福利改革。到目前为止，里根政府的福利改革已经尘埃落定，我们应当如何来看待这场美国人心目中的“革命”?结合关于问题的争论，，本章详细论述了里根福利改革的后果，对里根改革的争论评价、以及其改革在福利观上取得的巨大胜利。最后，本文的结论是美国上世纪八十年代已经发生明显的变化。此时福利改革的基础是经济衰退导致社会福利制度的社会福利立法和相关社会福利政策与联邦财政储备之间紧张关系。在财政预算困难的情况下，削减人民大众的福利是资本主义社会的必然之举。福利危机论的广泛传播使得美国人民的注意力从摆脱贫困、增加公民权利的焦点转向到解决社会福利政策实施中的财政危机问题中去，这种转向与政治上保守主义观念兴起有关，同时也与福利政策存在不合理因素有关，因此此时美国社会福利的改革也走向了自由主义扩张的反面。对于里根政府改革福利的举措。本人认为虽然里根政府的福利政策采取了缩减、下放和私营化的形式，但里根主义至少在以下几个方面发挥了积极作用：1、注意到了集体福利问题和个体福利问题的区别。以往福利制度对所有福利人口一刀切式的解决办法并不能真正解决他们各自的燃眉之急，福利制度应当多元化；2、美国的福利制度由政府统一接管，限制了州的自由性，作为高高在上的联邦政府并不具备了解各州具体实际情况的本领，故而由联邦进行管理，既造成政府开支的无谓扩大，又不能解决实际问题，应当予以改善。里根改革举措实际上改善了地方政府与联邦的关系；3、面对福利欺诈，联邦政府应该给予这样的人以迎头痛击，减少进行欺诈的可能性，还民以公道。里根时期的福利改革是美国福利发展中的分水岭，里根的福利改革最大胜利即其福利观的胜利。这体现在：“自我依赖”和工作伦理的道德价值观成为福利政策发展中的核心价值观。而以“市场化”和“私有化”为特征的福利模式将是今后美国福利政策变革的根本目标；最后，强调政府处理社会事务角色的转换，政府不再是过去的干涉者，而是社会福利计划的监督者，最终的计划、实施、管理都由直辖部门完成。经过里根的福利改革之后，更多新概念例如公民责任、福利社会、工作福利以及市场化等词汇迅速进入美国的政策分析领域。美国的福利体系从兼具社会保险和公共援助两项功能普遍性的福利模式退化为以社会保险和工作福利为主的选择性福利模式；联邦的功能随之从普及性向选择性，从系统性向实用性进行转变；社会福利的责任从政府与企业的责任向个人与社区的责任转变。
[Abstract]:In the 80s of last century, the social welfare system of the United States was subjected to new political ideas from Neo conservatism, the welfare view of the supply school and the monetary school, the great challenge of the social workers and the people's "anti welfare theory", and the Roosevelt "new policy" welfare model formed in the middle of the last century in the middle of the last century in the 30s. The "great society" plan of the Johnson period was questioned by all parties. In the general public opinion of "welfare dependence and slacker", the development of the welfare system in the United States faced crisis. More evidence also showed that the social insurance program in the United States was in the middle of the financial crisis, because the retirees exceeded the thought. As the growth of the social insurance fund in the United States is running out, a large number of working workers will be faced with the danger of no pension insurance available for the elderly. Under this condition, the economic situation in the United States has been depressed for many years, and the stagflation of high inflation rate and high unemployment rate in the economic development has appeared. In the face of this unfavorable situation, how the United States restores the people's confidence in social welfare policy and how to adjust the policy to harmonize the fundamental goal of the development economy with the social goals of social welfare policy, how the United States will reform its inherent "new policy" welfare development route is a very important issue.
In the way of historical review, this paper tries to discuss the historical process of the welfare reform in the United States in 1980s, and its domestic and international influence. Through the explanation of the reasons for the welfare reform in this era and the interpretation of the results, the basic characteristics of the welfare reform in this period are summarized, and the historical points are divided into this event. Analysis and evaluation.
The first chapter, the development and welfare crisis of the American welfare policy, describes the broad social background of the welfare reform in the United States in the 80s of last century, and outlines the important historical background of the economic change, the transformation of the social trend of thought and the transformation of the political vane, and demonstrates the social welfare reform in the United States. Necessity and urgency;
The second chapter, the social problems and welfare policies, focuses on the social issues of welfare reform on the eve of the welfare reform and the settlement policy. It emphasizes the important influence of the academic debate, public opinion and the key social problems in the American society on the social welfare policy of the United States, and makes clear the reform of social welfare policy in the period of Reagan. Key issues.
The third chapter, reconstructing the practice of the welfare contract, mainly describes Reagan's reaction to the American welfare crisis as the representative of the Republican Party after World War II. Reagan and his class are how to use "Reagan economics", "new federalism" and new conservatism to reshape the American welfare contract, from the political reserve of the whole welfare policy. Three aspects of the legal basis and the implementation of specific policies are introduced to illustrate the characteristics of the development of social policy in the Reagan period: reduction and decentralization. The emphasis is on the response of state and local governments to the change of federal welfare policy. From the bottom to up, the effectiveness of the reform is demonstrated. Finally, the social welfare of the Reagan period is discussed in this chapter. The continuation of the policy and the Reagan welfare reform believes that the implementation of the government's reduction strategy has been effective but not as an agreed "averaging", which has led to a series of social problems.
The fourth chapter, in addition to Reagan's welfare reform, mainly discusses the changes and development of the function of voluntary organizations, commercial organizations and grassroots organizations in the history of social welfare in the United States, in addition to the reform of the welfare policy of the government. The purpose is to tell the state of the welfare of the United States at the time from the angle of government reform, and also to show that the welfare policy of the United States is facing pluralism. The direction of development is moving.
The fifth chapter, to evaluate the welfare reform of the Reagan period, focuses on the analysis and evaluation of the welfare reform of the Reagan period. So far, the Reagan government's welfare reform has been settled. How should we look at the "revolution" in this American mind? And combine the controversy about the problem, this chapter expounds the consequences of the Reagan welfare reform in detail. The debate on Reagan's reform and the great victory of its reform on welfare concept.
Finally, the conclusion of this article is that the United States had changed obviously in the 80s of last century. The basis of the welfare reform was the social welfare legislation of the social welfare system and the tension between the relevant social welfare policies and the federal fiscal reserve. The wide spread of the theory of the welfare crisis has made the attention of the American people from getting rid of poverty and increasing the focus of civil rights to solving the financial crisis in the implementation of social welfare policies. This turn is related to the rise of the political conservatism and the existence of the welfare policy. Therefore, the reform of American social welfare has also gone to the opposite of liberalism.
For the Reagan administration's move to reform welfare, I think that although the Reagan government's welfare policy has taken the form of reduction, decentralization and privatization, the Reagan doctrine has played a positive role in at least the following aspects: 1, notice the difference between the collective welfare and the individual welfare. One size fits all solution does not really solve their own urgency, and the welfare system should be diversified. 2, the United States' welfare system is taken over by the government to limit the state's freedom. As a federal government, the federal government does not have the ability to understand the actual conditions of the States, so the federal administration is not only responsible for the management of the state. The unnecessary expansion of government spending, which can not solve practical problems, should be improved. The Reagan reform measures have actually improved the relationship between the local government and the federal government; 3, in the face of welfare fraud, the federal government should give such people a head-on pain, reduce the possibility of fraud, and be fair to the people.
The welfare reform of the Reagan period is the watershed in the development of American welfare, and the greatest victory of Reagan's welfare reform is the victory of its welfare view. This is reflected in the core values of "self dependence" and the ethical values of work ethics as the core values in the development of welfare policies. It will be the fundamental goal of the reform of the American welfare policy in the future. Finally, it emphasizes the government's transformation of the role of social affairs, the government is no longer the past interventionist, but the supervisor of the social welfare program. The final plan, implementation, and management are all completed by the central government. After Reagan's welfare reform, more new concepts such as civic responsibility are introduced. The welfare system, such as welfare society, work welfare, and marketization, quickly enters the field of policy analysis in the United States. The welfare system of the United States degenerates from the universal welfare model with two functions of social insurance and public assistance into a selective welfare model based on social insurance and work welfare; the function of the federal system is followed by the universal choice. Sex, from the system
The responsibility for social welfare changes from the responsibility of the government and the enterprise to the responsibility of individuals and communities.
【学位授予单位】：复旦大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2006
【分类号】：K712.54

【引证文献】