“文化传播”理论视角中的传教士与美国华人社会（1848-1900）
发布时间：2018-07-25 16:03
【摘要】： 美国是一个移民国家,同时,美国又是一个宗教性很强的国家。美国的移民问题和宗教问题往往交织在一起,密不可分。一方面,移民在登陆美国的同时带来了自己的传统宗教,如基督新教、天主教、犹太教、伊斯兰教、佛教、道教等种类繁多的宗教,使美国的宗教日益多元化。另一方面,作为美国文化核心的基督教文化试图将外来移民同化到美国的大熔炉中去,美国教会派遣传教士到移民群体中进行宗教文化传播,使外来移民皈依基督,成为美国基督教文化的一份子。这种多元与一体的矛盾便构成了美国移民与宗教问题发展的主流趋势。 作为移民最早、人数最多的亚洲移民,美国华人群体尤为凸显出美国移民与宗教问题的矛盾倾向:华人移民将中国传统的佛教、道教和民间宗教带到了美洲新大陆;同时,美国各大教会在华人移民刚刚登陆美国的时候,便注意到了华人移民的存在,开始派遣传教士到美国华人社会进行宗教文化传播活动。美国传教士在华人社会的宗教文化传播行为构成了19世纪中西两种风格迥异的文化在美国土地上的民众层面的传播和交流,奠定了美国华人基督教会发展的根基。 本文尝试以19世纪到美国华人社会进行传教活动的美国白人传教士群体为研究对象,运用文化传播学的相关理论,将传教士群体视为中西文化传播与交流的使者,从文化传播的环境、主体、方式和内容、客体等文化传播行为的构成因素方面,对传教士在美国华人社会的宗教文化传播行为进行研究,并对传教士的宗教文化传播效果进行评估。 除了引言和结论之外,本文分为四章。 第一章考察了19世纪传教士在美国华人社会进行宗教文化传播的传播环境的形成。文化交流与传播的发生首先依赖于不同文化在特定历史条件下的激烈碰撞,形成必要的传播环境。19世纪中期以前,由于地理环境的阻隔和科技发展水平的落后,中西文化之间缺乏大范围的民众层面的交流与传播。1848年,美国加利福尼亚州发现金矿之后,华人开始大规模地登陆美国。由于当时美国社会对华人的排斥和歧视,以及美国华人自身的旅居观念,美国华人将中国传统文化原封不动地移植到了北美大陆。这样,在北美大陆便形成了中西两种文化激烈冲突碰撞的局面,传教士宗教文化传播的环境由此形成。 第二章主要考察了作为文化传播主体的美国传教士的宗教文化传播动机。一方面,传教士的传教动机源自于一神论基督教的传播上帝福音的神圣使命;另一方面则源自于传教士的种族主义华人观,传教士认为,中国文化是低劣的文化,华人是美国盎格鲁——萨克逊白人社会的威胁,向美国华人社会传播上帝福音,使他们皈依基督教是解除这种威胁的根本途径。此外,在美国传教士看来,他们的传教活动还具有培养华人事工返回中国传教的目的。 第三章主要考察了传教士在美国华人中进行宗教文化传播的方式,其中主要包括宗教性的建立华人传教会和华人教会、街头传教等,以及世俗性的成立女馆,解救美国华人妇女,成立教会学校,对美国华人进行英语和基督教教育等。 第四章考察了作为传教士文化传播客体的美国华人社会对于传教士宗教文化传播行为的反应。面对传教士的宗教文化传播,美国华人社会内部产生了分化:大多数美国华人大众和社会精英阶层对于传教士的文化传播行为采取了抵制态度,但也有很少一部分美国华人接受了传教士所传播的基督教文化,改信了基督教,游离于中华传统文化和美国文化之间。 结论部分,通过对存在于19世纪美国传教士对美国华人进行宗教文化传播活动中诸多重要因素的考察,并对这种宗教文化传播的效果进行评估,本文得出结论:19世纪传教士在美国华人社会进行的宗教文化传播并未实现其预期目的,因为文化的交流与传播受控于非常具体和历史性的多元因素,其效果需经历漫长而复杂的历程才能充分体现出来。
[Abstract]:The United States is an immigrant country, and the United States is a very religious country. The immigration and religious issues of the United States are often intertwined and inseparable. On the one hand, immigrants have brought their own traditional religions, such as Protestant, Catholic, Judaism, Islam, Buddhism, Taoism and so on. On the other hand, the Christian culture, which is the core of the American culture, tries to assimilate immigrants into the melting pot of the United States, and the American churches send missionaries to the immigrant community to carry out religious culture, to convert immigrants to Christ and to become part of American Christian culture. The contradiction between pluralism and unity constitutes the main trend of the development of immigration and religion in the United States.
As the earliest and most immigrant Asian immigrants, the American Chinese population particularly highlighted the contradictory tendency of American immigrants and religious issues: Chinese immigrants brought traditional Chinese Buddhism, Taoism and folk religion to the new continent. The existence of the people began to send missionaries to the American Chinese society to carry out religious and cultural communication activities. The spread and communication of the religious culture of American missionaries in Chinese society formed the foundation of the development of the American Chinese Christian church by the spread and communication between the two different cultures of Chinese and Western cultures in the American land in nineteenth Century.
This article tries to take the American white missionaries in the American Chinese society in nineteenth Century as the research object, and uses the related theories of cultural communication to view the missionaries as the messenger of the communication and communication between Chinese and Western culture, and the factors that constitute the cultural communication behavior from the cultural communication environment, the subject, the way and the content and the object. In the face of the missionary's religious cultural dissemination behavior in the American Chinese society, the author evaluates the missionary's religious and cultural transmission effect.
In addition to the introduction and conclusion, this article is divided into four chapters.
The first chapter examines the formation of the spread environment of the religious culture of the missionaries in the Chinese Chinese society in the nineteenth Century. The occurrence of cultural exchange and communication depends on the fierce collision of different cultures under specific historical conditions, forming the necessary communication environment before the middle of the.19 century, due to the barrier of geographical environment and the level of scientific and technological development. There is a lack of communication and communication between Chinese and Western cultures in.1848 years. After the discovery of gold gold in California, the Chinese began to land in the United States on a large scale. It was transplanted to the North American continent. In this way, in the North American continent, the two cultural clashes and collisions between China and the West were formed, and the environment of the missionaries' religious culture was formed.
The second chapter mainly investigates the religious and cultural communication motivation of American missionaries as the main body of cultural communication. On the one hand, the missionaries' motive for missionaries derives from the sacred mission of the monotheism to disseminating the gospel of God; on the other hand, it derives from the racist Chinese outlook of the missionaries, and the missionaries believe that Chinese culture is a inferior culture. The Chinese are a threat to the American Anglo Saxon white society. To spread the gospel of God to the American Chinese society and to convert them to Christianity is the fundamental way to dissolve this threat. In addition, in the view of American missionaries, their missionary activities also have the purpose of training Chinese personnel to return to Chinese missionary work.
The third chapter mainly examines the way missionaries carry out religious and cultural communication among American Chinese, including the religious establishment of Chinese missionary societies and Chinese churches, street missionaries, and secular women's pavilions, the rescue of American Chinese women, the establishment of church schools, and the English and Christian Education of American Chinese.
The fourth chapter examines the reaction of the American Chinese society as the object of the missionaries' cultural communication to the missionaries' religious culture. In the face of the spread of the missionaries' religious culture, the internal Chinese Chinese society has formed a differentiation: the majority of the American Chinese and the social elite have resisted the cultural communication of the missionaries. But there are also a few American Chinese who have accepted the Christian culture spread by the missionaries and converted to Christianity, free between the Chinese traditional culture and the American culture.
The conclusion part, through the investigation of many important factors in the religious and cultural transmission of American Chinese in nineteenth Century, and the evaluation of the effect of this kind of religious culture. This article draws a conclusion that the religious culture spread by the missionaries in the American Chinese society in nineteenth Century did not realize their intended purpose. For cultural exchange and communication controlled by very specific and historical factors, its effect needs to go through a long and complicated process to fully reflect it.
【学位授予单位】：东北师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2009
【分类号】：K712.4
本文编号：2144333
[Abstract]:The United States is an immigrant country, and the United States is a very religious country. The immigration and religious issues of the United States are often intertwined and inseparable. On the one hand, immigrants have brought their own traditional religions, such as Protestant, Catholic, Judaism, Islam, Buddhism, Taoism and so on. On the other hand, the Christian culture, which is the core of the American culture, tries to assimilate immigrants into the melting pot of the United States, and the American churches send missionaries to the immigrant community to carry out religious culture, to convert immigrants to Christ and to become part of American Christian culture. The contradiction between pluralism and unity constitutes the main trend of the development of immigration and religion in the United States.
As the earliest and most immigrant Asian immigrants, the American Chinese population particularly highlighted the contradictory tendency of American immigrants and religious issues: Chinese immigrants brought traditional Chinese Buddhism, Taoism and folk religion to the new continent. The existence of the people began to send missionaries to the American Chinese society to carry out religious and cultural communication activities. The spread and communication of the religious culture of American missionaries in Chinese society formed the foundation of the development of the American Chinese Christian church by the spread and communication between the two different cultures of Chinese and Western cultures in the American land in nineteenth Century.
This article tries to take the American white missionaries in the American Chinese society in nineteenth Century as the research object, and uses the related theories of cultural communication to view the missionaries as the messenger of the communication and communication between Chinese and Western culture, and the factors that constitute the cultural communication behavior from the cultural communication environment, the subject, the way and the content and the object. In the face of the missionary's religious cultural dissemination behavior in the American Chinese society, the author evaluates the missionary's religious and cultural transmission effect.
In addition to the introduction and conclusion, this article is divided into four chapters.
The first chapter examines the formation of the spread environment of the religious culture of the missionaries in the Chinese Chinese society in the nineteenth Century. The occurrence of cultural exchange and communication depends on the fierce collision of different cultures under specific historical conditions, forming the necessary communication environment before the middle of the.19 century, due to the barrier of geographical environment and the level of scientific and technological development. There is a lack of communication and communication between Chinese and Western cultures in.1848 years. After the discovery of gold gold in California, the Chinese began to land in the United States on a large scale. It was transplanted to the North American continent. In this way, in the North American continent, the two cultural clashes and collisions between China and the West were formed, and the environment of the missionaries' religious culture was formed.
The second chapter mainly investigates the religious and cultural communication motivation of American missionaries as the main body of cultural communication. On the one hand, the missionaries' motive for missionaries derives from the sacred mission of the monotheism to disseminating the gospel of God; on the other hand, it derives from the racist Chinese outlook of the missionaries, and the missionaries believe that Chinese culture is a inferior culture. The Chinese are a threat to the American Anglo Saxon white society. To spread the gospel of God to the American Chinese society and to convert them to Christianity is the fundamental way to dissolve this threat. In addition, in the view of American missionaries, their missionary activities also have the purpose of training Chinese personnel to return to Chinese missionary work.
The third chapter mainly examines the way missionaries carry out religious and cultural communication among American Chinese, including the religious establishment of Chinese missionary societies and Chinese churches, street missionaries, and secular women's pavilions, the rescue of American Chinese women, the establishment of church schools, and the English and Christian Education of American Chinese.
The fourth chapter examines the reaction of the American Chinese society as the object of the missionaries' cultural communication to the missionaries' religious culture. In the face of the spread of the missionaries' religious culture, the internal Chinese Chinese society has formed a differentiation: the majority of the American Chinese and the social elite have resisted the cultural communication of the missionaries. But there are also a few American Chinese who have accepted the Christian culture spread by the missionaries and converted to Christianity, free between the Chinese traditional culture and the American culture.
The conclusion part, through the investigation of many important factors in the religious and cultural transmission of American Chinese in nineteenth Century, and the evaluation of the effect of this kind of religious culture. This article draws a conclusion that the religious culture spread by the missionaries in the American Chinese society in nineteenth Century did not realize their intended purpose. For cultural exchange and communication controlled by very specific and historical factors, its effect needs to go through a long and complicated process to fully reflect it.
【学位授予单位】：东北师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2009
【分类号】：K712.4
【引证文献】
相关期刊论文 前1条
1 李永;;试论二战前旧金山华人教育的历史特点[J];东疆学刊;2012年03期
相关博士学位论文 前2条
1 杜忠锋;基督宗教传播与少数民族日常生活世界的建构[D];浙江大学;2012年
2 宋天倚;宗教涉外事务管理研究[D];中央民族大学;2012年
相关硕士学位论文 前2条
1 周思佚;韩剧在中国热播的文化传播学分析[D];兰州大学;2011年
2 崔立伟;近年来国内学界美国宗教和宗教史研究综述[D];东北师范大学;2010年
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