城市文化环境与纽约市的犯罪（1970-2001）
发布时间：2018-07-31 06:12
【摘要】：20世纪70至90年代中期是纽约市产业结构由制造业为主向服务业为主转变的重要时期,在经济危机和城市财政危机背景下,城市文化环境在物质和精神方面有所恶化,且成为纽约城市犯罪率攀升的重要影响因素。至90年代中期,纽约市成为一座后工业性城市,这标志着纽约市产业结构调整完成,工作岗位的增加缓解了就业问题,克林顿政府对传统道德的重视以及纽约城市管理的加强推动纽约城市文化环境趋于好转,并促使犯罪率大幅度的下降。 本文在此时代大背景下,以纽约市产业结构调整完成和朱利安尼市长上台为标志的90年代中期为时间断限,由城市文化环境对犯罪的影响这一角度着手,对这30年间纽约城市犯罪的“一乱一治”作出具体分析和阐释。 本文除前言外共分为三章,第一章是本文的理论研究和发展概述,第二章和第三章是本文的主题内容。 第一章述评了城市文化环境和纽约城市犯罪的理论；概述了1970年至2001年,纽约城市文化环境与犯罪发展的历程,以及1970年至2001年,纽约城市文化环境与犯罪的历史特征。 第二章研究了城市文化环境与纽约市犯罪关系在70年代至90年代中期期间的特征表现。这是本文的主体部分之一,从林赛至丁勤时纽约市经历了四任市长,美国经济危机及城市财政危机下,纽约市的图书馆、学校及公园等物质文化设施遭遇危机并导致物质文化环境恶化,影响到市民教育、就业,打破了市民稳定的生活方式。城市法制建设存在问题和种族关系紧张,市民对城市经济和安全的自信心丧失,性解放及家庭模式多元化带来的负面影响,致使城市精神文化环境恶化。城市文化环境的恶化导致此时期纽约城市暴力犯罪、组织犯罪和青少年犯罪等方面犯罪率大幅增长。 第三章研究了城市文化环境与纽约市犯罪的关系在90年代中期至新千年开始期间的特征表现。这是本文另一个主体部分,期间纽约市的财政危机已经基本消除,经济趋于好转,而且城市经济结构转型已经基本结束,加上朱利安尼市政府加强对城市犯罪的防控,城市物质文化设施在曲折发展中得到改善,城市法制建设加强、种族紧张关系缓和、市民对城市的自信心上升、家庭模式多元化消极影响下降,这些因素成为促使纽约城市物质文化环境和精神文化环境趋于好转的强力因素。与之相对应的是,城市文化环境的好转促使城市犯罪率在街头犯罪、组织犯罪、青少年犯罪等方面急剧下降。 文章最后总结,从20世纪最后30年的发展历史来看,纽约的城市文化环境呈现出一定历史阶段特征,它的变化直接影响到纽约犯罪率的升降,而且物质文化环境和精神文化环境是密切相连的,物质文化环境的变化对于经济类的犯罪影响较大,精神文化环境的变化对于犯罪的影响十分重要。
[Abstract]:The 1970s and mid-1990s were an important period when the industrial structure of New York City changed from manufacturing to service industries. Under the background of the economic crisis and the urban financial crisis, the urban cultural environment deteriorated materially and spiritually. And become the city crime rate in New York City rising important factors. By the mid-1990s, New York City had become a post-industrial city, which marked the completion of industrial restructuring in New York City, and job creation eased the employment problem. The Clinton administration's emphasis on traditional morality and the strengthening of New York's urban management have promoted the improvement of the cultural environment in New York City and caused the crime rate to drop by a large margin. Against this background of the times, this paper takes the completion of industrial restructuring in New York City and the arrival of Mayor Giuliani as the time limit in the mid-1990s, starting from the perspective of the impact of the city's cultural environment on crime. This 30 years of New York City crime "a chaos and a governance" to make a specific analysis and interpretation. In addition to the preface, this paper is divided into three chapters. The first chapter is a summary of the theoretical research and development of this paper, the second and third chapters are the main content of this paper. The first chapter reviews the urban cultural environment and the theory of urban crime in New York, summarizes the development of urban cultural environment and crime in New York from 1970 to 2001, and the historical characteristics of urban cultural environment and crime in New York from 1970 to 2001. The second chapter studies the characteristics of the relationship between urban cultural environment and New York City crime from 1970s to mid-1990s. This is one of the main parts of this article, from Lindsey to Ding Qin, New York City experienced four mayors, the U. S. economic crisis and the city's financial crisis, the New York City Library, The physical and cultural facilities such as schools and parks are in crisis and lead to the deterioration of material and cultural environment, which affects the education and employment of citizens and breaks down the stable way of life of citizens. There are some problems in the construction of urban legal system, ethnic relations are tense, the confidence of citizens to urban economy and security is lost, the negative impact of sexual liberation and family pattern diversification, which results in the deterioration of urban spiritual and cultural environment. The deterioration of urban cultural environment led to a sharp increase in violent crime, organized crime and juvenile delinquency in New York during this period. The third chapter studies the relationship between urban cultural environment and crime in New York City during the mid-1990s to the beginning of the new millennium. This is another part of this article. During this period, the financial crisis in New York City has been basically eliminated, the economy has tended to improve, and the transformation of the urban economic structure has basically ended. In addition, the Giuliani municipal government has strengthened the prevention and control of urban crime. Urban material and cultural facilities have been improved in tortuous development, urban legal construction has been strengthened, ethnic tensions have eased, the confidence of citizens in the city has increased, and the negative impact of the diversity of family patterns has declined. These factors become the powerful factors that promote the improvement of material and spiritual cultural environment in New York City. Correspondingly, the improvement of urban cultural environment has led to a sharp decline in urban crime rate in street crime, organized crime, juvenile delinquency and so on. Finally, from the development history of the last 30 years of the 20th century, the urban cultural environment of New York presents certain historical features, and its changes directly affect the rise and fall of the crime rate in New York. And the material culture environment and the spiritual culture environment are closely linked, the material culture environment change to the economic class crime influence is big, the spirit culture environment change to the crime influence is very important.
【学位授予单位】：华东师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：K712.54
[Abstract]:The 1970s and mid-1990s were an important period when the industrial structure of New York City changed from manufacturing to service industries. Under the background of the economic crisis and the urban financial crisis, the urban cultural environment deteriorated materially and spiritually. And become the city crime rate in New York City rising important factors. By the mid-1990s, New York City had become a post-industrial city, which marked the completion of industrial restructuring in New York City, and job creation eased the employment problem. The Clinton administration's emphasis on traditional morality and the strengthening of New York's urban management have promoted the improvement of the cultural environment in New York City and caused the crime rate to drop by a large margin. Against this background of the times, this paper takes the completion of industrial restructuring in New York City and the arrival of Mayor Giuliani as the time limit in the mid-1990s, starting from the perspective of the impact of the city's cultural environment on crime. This 30 years of New York City crime "a chaos and a governance" to make a specific analysis and interpretation. In addition to the preface, this paper is divided into three chapters. The first chapter is a summary of the theoretical research and development of this paper, the second and third chapters are the main content of this paper. The first chapter reviews the urban cultural environment and the theory of urban crime in New York, summarizes the development of urban cultural environment and crime in New York from 1970 to 2001, and the historical characteristics of urban cultural environment and crime in New York from 1970 to 2001. The second chapter studies the characteristics of the relationship between urban cultural environment and New York City crime from 1970s to mid-1990s. This is one of the main parts of this article, from Lindsey to Ding Qin, New York City experienced four mayors, the U. S. economic crisis and the city's financial crisis, the New York City Library, The physical and cultural facilities such as schools and parks are in crisis and lead to the deterioration of material and cultural environment, which affects the education and employment of citizens and breaks down the stable way of life of citizens. There are some problems in the construction of urban legal system, ethnic relations are tense, the confidence of citizens to urban economy and security is lost, the negative impact of sexual liberation and family pattern diversification, which results in the deterioration of urban spiritual and cultural environment. The deterioration of urban cultural environment led to a sharp increase in violent crime, organized crime and juvenile delinquency in New York during this period. The third chapter studies the relationship between urban cultural environment and crime in New York City during the mid-1990s to the beginning of the new millennium. This is another part of this article. During this period, the financial crisis in New York City has been basically eliminated, the economy has tended to improve, and the transformation of the urban economic structure has basically ended. In addition, the Giuliani municipal government has strengthened the prevention and control of urban crime. Urban material and cultural facilities have been improved in tortuous development, urban legal construction has been strengthened, ethnic tensions have eased, the confidence of citizens in the city has increased, and the negative impact of the diversity of family patterns has declined. These factors become the powerful factors that promote the improvement of material and spiritual cultural environment in New York City. Correspondingly, the improvement of urban cultural environment has led to a sharp decline in urban crime rate in street crime, organized crime, juvenile delinquency and so on. Finally, from the development history of the last 30 years of the 20th century, the urban cultural environment of New York presents certain historical features, and its changes directly affect the rise and fall of the crime rate in New York. And the material culture environment and the spiritual culture environment are closely linked, the material culture environment change to the economic class crime influence is big, the spirit culture environment change to the crime influence is very important.
【学位授予单位】：华东师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：K712.54
【参考文献】
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1 王世洲,刘淑s，
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