中世纪至近代早期西欧水力坊考察

发布时间：2018-08-02 08:25

【摘要】：磨坊是中世纪西欧社会一道独特的风景,是当时最常见的一种动力设施。马拉磨,手推磨,水磨,风磨等普遍存在于中世纪人们的生活中,其中水力坊以其更高的生产效率和收益而得到最广泛的应用。水力坊并非中世纪西欧社会土生土长的,它是在借鉴了古罗马、中国、伊斯兰社会的技术革新的基础上发展起来的。在中世纪的西欧,水力作为动力应用的程度和范围迅速扩展,从日常生活中碾磨谷物到工业上漂洗呢绒,鞣革,捣碎纸浆,鼓动风箱,粉碎矿石,搅炼生铁等许多生产过程,均可看见流水驱动水轮旋转的身影。一定程度上讲,水力这一动力能源的应用代表了中世纪技术革新的潜力,产生了重要影响。13、14世纪水力坊在呢绒漂洗工业中的应用,被著名的中世纪史专家卡勒斯-威尔逊看作是一场工业革命,一场给英格兰毛纺织业生产格局带来重大影响的革命。中世纪晚期,水力动力广泛应用于工业生产部门,开启了水力时代的大门。至工业革命前期,即蒸汽动力广泛应用之前,水力仍是工业生产的主要动力,其对西欧经济发展的意义可见一斑。本文按照时间演进的序列,以水力坊功能的扩展为基点,以罗马和中国水力坊的应用为参照,对中世纪至近代早期西欧水力坊的发展,水力动力的广泛应用作一历史考察。论文主要分为中世纪的水力坊、水力漂洗坊的应用及意义、水力动力革命与“水力时代”三大部分进行论述。第一章为“中世纪的水力坊”,梳理中世纪西欧尤其是英格兰水力坊的发展脉络。以罗马时期水力坊的应用为背景,以中国古代社会水车的使用为参照,对中世纪的水力坊,特别是这一时期广泛用于碾磨谷物的水力谷物坊进行详细论述。着重论述中世纪西欧磨坊产业的结构及其投资、运作模式,阐释领主与佃农围绕磨坊义务而展开的争吵与妥协,透过谷物坊这一独特视角,更全面地了解中世纪西欧经济社会的发展状况。第二章重点阐述水力漂洗坊的应用及其意义。中世纪晚期水力坊的功能从粮食加工部门延伸至工业生产领域,其中以水力漂洗坊应用最为广泛。水力漂洗机的广泛应用,不仅使漂洗工序自身发生变革,也在一定程度上改变了英格兰毛纺织业的生产格局,城市毛纺中心衰落,乡村工业蓬勃发展。与此同时,领主在漂洗坊中推行磨坊义务,强制人们到领主磨坊中漂洗呢绒,争端不断。通过对水力漂洗机的应用及围绕机械漂洗所引发的磨坊争端的阐述,梳理水力漂洗坊的发展脉络,更深刻地理解技术革新对工业生产发展的重要意义。第三章阐述水力动力的广泛应用及其产生的重要影响。中世纪晚期是西欧广泛应用水力动力的时代,水力应用的过程是水力坊不断进行技术革新的过程,同时也是其向更多生产部门渗透的过程。水力坊自身的技术革新,主要包括水力控制系统的完善、水轮等机械的改良。技术革新推动了水力应用范围的扩展,直至18世纪的英格兰,仍主要依靠水力来驱动鞣皮机、磨盘、锯床、风箱等运转。工业革命前期水力仍是新发明的棉纺织业机械的主要动力。结语部分梳理水力坊发展的历史脉络,并将之与中世纪西欧的经济社会背景相联系,总结其在中世纪西欧社会中的地位,以及它对经济发展特别是毛纺织业发展的重要作用,由此对水力动力的广泛应用及其对整个西欧社会的影响进行概括性的阐释,揭示水力作为蒸汽动力出现之前的主要动力源的重要意义。
[Abstract]:The mill was a unique landscape in the Western European Society of the middle ages. It was the most common power facility at that time. Mala mill, hand grinding, water mill, and wind mill were widely used in medieval people's life, in which the hydraulic workshop was most widely used for its higher productivity and profit. The hydraulic workshop was not a native of Medieval Western European society. It was developed on the basis of the technological innovation of ancient Rome, China, and Islamic society. In Medieval Western Europe, the extent and scope of hydraulic power used in Western Europe expanded rapidly, from grinding grain to industry in daily life to rinse woolen, tanning leather, mashing pulp, stirring the wind box, crushing ore, stirring pig iron and many other students. To a certain extent, the application of power energy, to a certain extent, represents the potential of medieval technological innovation, producing an important impact on the application of the.13,14 century hydraulic mill in the woolen rinsing industry, which is regarded as an industrial revolution by the famous medieval historian, Carlos Wilson. In the late medieval period, hydraulic power was widely applied to the industrial production department and opened the gate of the hydraulic age. Before the early industrial revolution, when the steam power was widely used, hydraulic power was still the main motive force of industrial production and its significance to the economic development of Western Europe. See a spot.
In accordance with the sequence of time evolution, this paper takes the expansion of hydraulic workshop as the base point. Taking the application of Rome and China Hydraulic workshop as reference, this paper makes a historical survey on the development of hydraulic mills in Western Europe from the Middle Ages to early modern times and the extensive application of hydraulic power. The paper is mainly divided into medieval hydraulic mills, the application and significance of hydraulic rinse mills, and hydraulic movement. The three parts of the force revolution and the "water age" are discussed.
The first chapter is the "medieval hydraulic workshop", combing the development of the Medieval Western Europe, especially the England waterpower mill. Taking the application of the Rome waterpower mill as the background and referring to the use of the ancient Chinese social water trucks, the hydraulic mills in the middle ages, especially the waterpower mills, which were widely used for grinding grain in this period, were discussed in detail. The structure of the mill industry in Medieval Western Europe and its investment, operation mode, and the quarrel and compromise between the owner and the tenant farmers around the mill obligations were explained, and the economic and social development of the Medieval Western Europe was fully understood through the unique perspective of the grain workshop.
The second chapter focuses on the application and significance of hydraulic rinse mill. In the late Middle Ages, the function of hydraulic workshop was extended from grain processing department to industrial production field. The application of hydraulic rinse mill was the most widely used. The wide application of hydraulic rinse machine not only changed the rinsing process itself, but also changed England woolen to a certain extent. The production pattern of the textile industry, the decline of the urban woolen center and the flourishing development of the rural industry. At the same time, the owner carried out the mill duty in the rinse mill to force the people to rinse the woolen in the main mill. The development of the hydraulic rinse mill was combed through the application of the hydraulic rinse machine and the mill dispute over the mechanical rinsing. Context, a deeper understanding of the importance of technological innovation to industrial production development.
The third chapter expounds the extensive application of hydraulic power and its important influence. In the late Middle Ages, it was the time of extensive application of hydraulic power in Western Europe. The process of hydraulic application was the process of continuous technological innovation in the hydraulic workshop, and it was also the process of permeating to more production departments. The technical innovation of the water power workshop, mainly including hydraulic control, was the process of the hydraulic power plant. The improvement of the system, the improvement of the water wheel and other machinery. The technological innovation promoted the expansion of the hydraulic application range. Until the eighteenth Century England, the main power of the newly invented cotton textile machinery was to drive the tanning machine, the grinding disc, the sawing machine and the bellows.
The concluding part combs the historical context of the development of the hydraulic workshop and links it with the economic and social background of Western Europe in the middle ages, summarizes its position in the Western European Society in the middle ages, and its important role in the development of the economic development, especially the development of the wool textile industry, and the wide application of the hydraulic power and its influence on the whole western European society. A general interpretation reveals the importance of hydraulic power as the main power source before the emergence of steam power.
【学位授予单位】：天津师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：K503;K504

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