俄国1861年改革后农民经济研究
发布时间：2018-08-02 08:35
【摘要】：1861年农民改革是俄国历史上的重大事件,改革废除了农奴制,解放了农民。然而农民的解放只是表象,实质上农奴制残余在俄国广泛存在,对农民的剥削依然没有消除。 全文共分前言、四章正文和结语三部分。前言部分主要阐述本课题的研究概况及本文研究的主要问题等。 第一章介绍1861年改革颁布的各类法令及改革进程中的各类农民。改革法令主要包括《总法令》、四个地方法令及其他补充法令。改革实行过程中还颁布了针对性的文件,契约文书、调停吏法规和赎买协议即为代表。这些法令明确提出,农民成为法律意义上的自由人,拥有人身权利和财产权利。但是,法令的文本规定在执行过程中并未完全落实。 第二章农民的赋役负担分析改革后农民承担的各种赋税和租役。通过分析可知,赋役负担制约了农民人身自由和土地所有权的实现。政府仍奉行严厉的赋税政策,农民想尽各种办法筹集税款,却终难摆脱欠税的命运。农民承担的劳役租、代役租和混合租在改革后均转变为代役租,加之担负着各种实物义务,农民的经济负担更加沉重。沉重的赋役负担阻碍了农民经济的发展。 第三章研究改革后农民的土地使用情况。改革宣称农民可以“带土地解放”,但是改革过程中农民的土地所有权并没有顺利实现,农民实际使用的土地出现数量减少、地力下降的双重减损,农民自身租地、买地、开垦新地以及政府补地、赏地都无济于事,这种境况直到20世纪初亦未能得到根本改观。 第四章研究农民副业的发展情况。农民试图通过畜牧业和手工业等副业来增加收入,但是改革后农民的畜牧业整体上呈现衰落趋势,手工业活动也无助于缓解沉重的经济负担。农民副业只能对农业经济起到有益补充的作用。 结语部分对全篇进行总结,指出沙皇亚历山大二世废除农奴制改革是顺应时局之举,改革中既得利益集团竭力维护传统,农民的各种负担比改革前更重,农民经济的发展步履维艰,到20世纪初陷入严重危机之中。
[Abstract]:The reform of peasants in 1861 was an important event in Russian history, which abolished serfdom and liberated peasants. However, the liberation of peasants is only superficial. In fact, the vestiges of serfdom exist widely in Russia, and the exploitation of peasants is still not eliminated. The full text is divided into three parts: preface, four chapters text and conclusion. The preface mainly describes the research situation of this subject and the main problems of this paper. The first chapter introduces the laws and decrees issued in 1861 and the peasants in the reform process. The reform laws mainly include the General Act, four local decrees and other supplementary decrees. During the process of reform, relevant documents, contract documents, mediation regulations and buy-out agreements were promulgated. These decrees state explicitly that peasants become free men in the sense of law, with personal and property rights. However, the text of the decree has not been fully implemented in the course of implementation. The second chapter analyzes the peasants' taxes and rent after the reform. Through the analysis, the burden of bondage restricts the realization of peasants' personal freedom and land ownership. The government still pursued a strict tax policy. Farmers tried every means to raise taxes, but eventually they could not get rid of the fate of tax arrears. After the reform, the labor rent, the substitute rent and the mixed rent undertaken by the peasants are all changed into the service rent. In addition, the peasants bear various kinds of material obligations, so the economic burden of the peasants is even heavier. The heavy burden of taxes hindered the development of peasant economy. The third chapter studies the land use of farmers after the reform. The reform claimed that peasants could "take the land free", but in the process of the reform, the peasants' land ownership did not come true smoothly, the amount of land actually used by farmers decreased, the land capacity decreased, and the peasants rented and bought the land themselves. Reclaiming new land and reclaiming land from the government did not help, a situation that did not change fundamentally until the beginning of the 20th century. The fourth chapter studies the development of peasant sideline. Farmers try to increase their income through sideline industries such as animal husbandry and handicraft industry, but after the reform, the farmers' animal husbandry has a declining trend, and handicraft activities can not help alleviate the heavy economic burden. Farmer sideline industry can only play a beneficial supplementary role to agricultural economy. The conclusion summarizes the whole article and points out that the reform of serfdom abolished by tsar Alexander II is in keeping with the current situation. During the reform, vested interest groups tried their best to maintain tradition, and the peasants' burdens were heavier than before the reform. The development of peasant economy is difficult to get into serious crisis at the beginning of 20 th century.
【学位授予单位】：东北师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：K512
[Abstract]:The reform of peasants in 1861 was an important event in Russian history, which abolished serfdom and liberated peasants. However, the liberation of peasants is only superficial. In fact, the vestiges of serfdom exist widely in Russia, and the exploitation of peasants is still not eliminated. The full text is divided into three parts: preface, four chapters text and conclusion. The preface mainly describes the research situation of this subject and the main problems of this paper. The first chapter introduces the laws and decrees issued in 1861 and the peasants in the reform process. The reform laws mainly include the General Act, four local decrees and other supplementary decrees. During the process of reform, relevant documents, contract documents, mediation regulations and buy-out agreements were promulgated. These decrees state explicitly that peasants become free men in the sense of law, with personal and property rights. However, the text of the decree has not been fully implemented in the course of implementation. The second chapter analyzes the peasants' taxes and rent after the reform. Through the analysis, the burden of bondage restricts the realization of peasants' personal freedom and land ownership. The government still pursued a strict tax policy. Farmers tried every means to raise taxes, but eventually they could not get rid of the fate of tax arrears. After the reform, the labor rent, the substitute rent and the mixed rent undertaken by the peasants are all changed into the service rent. In addition, the peasants bear various kinds of material obligations, so the economic burden of the peasants is even heavier. The heavy burden of taxes hindered the development of peasant economy. The third chapter studies the land use of farmers after the reform. The reform claimed that peasants could "take the land free", but in the process of the reform, the peasants' land ownership did not come true smoothly, the amount of land actually used by farmers decreased, the land capacity decreased, and the peasants rented and bought the land themselves. Reclaiming new land and reclaiming land from the government did not help, a situation that did not change fundamentally until the beginning of the 20th century. The fourth chapter studies the development of peasant sideline. Farmers try to increase their income through sideline industries such as animal husbandry and handicraft industry, but after the reform, the farmers' animal husbandry has a declining trend, and handicraft activities can not help alleviate the heavy economic burden. Farmer sideline industry can only play a beneficial supplementary role to agricultural economy. The conclusion summarizes the whole article and points out that the reform of serfdom abolished by tsar Alexander II is in keeping with the current situation. During the reform, vested interest groups tried their best to maintain tradition, and the peasants' burdens were heavier than before the reform. The development of peasant economy is difficult to get into serious crisis at the beginning of 20 th century.
【学位授予单位】：东北师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：K512
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