共生与互动：论城市与乡村在英国资本主义起源中的不同角色
发布时间：2018-08-02 08:53
【摘要】： 资本主义的故乡在英国，资本主义的起源一直是学界探讨和研究的重要课题。中外史学家从阶级斗争、贸易因素等方面对资本主义的起源进行了深入细致的研究。本文在继承史学前辈研究成果的基础上，以英国为例，尝试性地考察中世纪城市与乡村的互动与交流，，拟对城市与乡村在资本主义起源进程中各自扮演的不同角色作初步分析。从城市与乡村的关系角度入手，本文的学术前史部分对史学界关于资本主义起源的专著、学者观点以及学术流派作了大致的梳理。本文的正文分三部分： 一、中世纪英国城市的雏形是作为设防的居住地存在的，因为它的安全性，城市吸引了商人和手工业者来此聚居，从而衍生出了一定的工商业职能。与乡村农本经济不同，商品经济是城市的最大特色，但城市仍然是封建体系的有机组成部分，其封建本性成为制约商品经济进一步成长的桎梏。 二、尽管中世纪的英国乡村是一个典型的农本社会，但在这个社会下始终存在着一定的商业空间。对于资本主义的启动而言，法制对商品经济和个体财富积累的保障也是必不可少的。事实是，习惯法以及领主、农民在庄园法庭内的博弈使农民个体财富实现了稳定、持续的积累。从某种意义上讲，法律是资本的一种形式，法律因素是英国社会转型成功的关键所在。 三、从13世纪开始，英国乡村逐渐步入了一个农业劳动生产率持续攀升的时期，这为英国乡村工业的大发展提供了先决性的有利条件，而城市推行的垄断政策限制了商品经济的发展，乡村充足、廉价的劳动力，丰富的自然资源，相对宽松的制度环境对城市商人资本有很大的吸引力。城乡之间的优势互补和有益渗透使资本主义在乡村工业，主要是在毛纺业中发展起来。英国乡村工业的勃兴，是历史合力作用的结果，它是以城市商人资本为导向，以乡村为基础的运动过程，这一过程依托的是城乡双向互动机制。 通过有益的反思和对比，本文认为，无论城市或是乡村，有鉴于它们自身无法克服的缺陷和不足，都不能够独立承担孕育资本主义的历史使命，而它们彼此间的相互汲取和互通有无才是推动西欧社会向近代转型的最基本、最深邃的力量。英国的成功给予我们一定的启迪和智慧，如何处理好工业和农业的关系，如何健全法制以及保障农民个体的财富积累，对于中国的工业化而言仍有相当的借鉴意义。
[Abstract]:The origin of capitalism in England has been an important subject in academic circles. Chinese and foreign historians studied the origin of capitalism from class struggle and trade factors. On the basis of inheriting the achievements of the predecessors of historiography and taking England as an example, this paper attempts to investigate the interaction and communication between cities and villages in the Middle Ages, and to make a preliminary analysis of the different roles played by cities and villages in the process of the origin of capitalism. From the perspective of the relationship between the city and the countryside, the prehistory of this paper roughly combs the monographs, the viewpoints of scholars and the academic schools about the origin of capitalism in historiography. The text of this paper is divided into three parts: first, the embryonic form of medieval English city exists as a fortified residence, because of its security, the city attracts businessmen and craftsmen to live here. Thus derived a certain industrial and commercial functions. Different from the rural peasant economy, commodity economy is the biggest characteristic of the city, but the city is still an organic part of the feudal system, and its feudal nature has become a shackle restricting the further growth of the commodity economy. Second, although rural England in the Middle Ages is a typical peasant society, there is always a certain commercial space in this society. For the start-up of capitalism, the legal system is also essential to the commodity economy and the accumulation of individual wealth. The fact is that customary law and the game between the lord and the farmer in the manor court makes the farmer's personal wealth stable and sustainable. In a sense, law is a form of capital. Third, from the 13th century onwards, the British countryside gradually stepped into a period of rising agricultural labor productivity, which provided a favorable condition for the great development of the British rural industry. The monopoly policy of the city limits the development of commodity economy. The abundant rural economy, cheap labor, abundant natural resources and relatively loose institutional environment have great attraction to the capital of city businessmen. The complementary advantages and beneficial infiltration between urban and rural areas make capitalism develop in rural industry, mainly in wool industry. The prosperity of rural industry in England is the result of historical resultant force. It is a movement process based on the capital of the city businessman and based on the village, which is based on the two-way interaction mechanism between urban and rural areas. Through useful reflection and comparison, this paper holds that neither the city nor the country can undertake the historical mission of giving birth to capitalism independently, in view of their insuperable shortcomings and shortcomings. Their mutual absorption and exchange of necessities are the most basic and profound forces to promote the transformation of Western European society to modern times. The success of Britain gives us some enlightenment and wisdom, how to deal with the relationship between industry and agriculture, how to perfect the legal system, and how to ensure the accumulation of wealth of individual farmers, which is still of great significance for the industrialization of China.
【学位授予单位】：天津师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2007
【分类号】：K561.4
[Abstract]:The origin of capitalism in England has been an important subject in academic circles. Chinese and foreign historians studied the origin of capitalism from class struggle and trade factors. On the basis of inheriting the achievements of the predecessors of historiography and taking England as an example, this paper attempts to investigate the interaction and communication between cities and villages in the Middle Ages, and to make a preliminary analysis of the different roles played by cities and villages in the process of the origin of capitalism. From the perspective of the relationship between the city and the countryside, the prehistory of this paper roughly combs the monographs, the viewpoints of scholars and the academic schools about the origin of capitalism in historiography. The text of this paper is divided into three parts: first, the embryonic form of medieval English city exists as a fortified residence, because of its security, the city attracts businessmen and craftsmen to live here. Thus derived a certain industrial and commercial functions. Different from the rural peasant economy, commodity economy is the biggest characteristic of the city, but the city is still an organic part of the feudal system, and its feudal nature has become a shackle restricting the further growth of the commodity economy. Second, although rural England in the Middle Ages is a typical peasant society, there is always a certain commercial space in this society. For the start-up of capitalism, the legal system is also essential to the commodity economy and the accumulation of individual wealth. The fact is that customary law and the game between the lord and the farmer in the manor court makes the farmer's personal wealth stable and sustainable. In a sense, law is a form of capital. Third, from the 13th century onwards, the British countryside gradually stepped into a period of rising agricultural labor productivity, which provided a favorable condition for the great development of the British rural industry. The monopoly policy of the city limits the development of commodity economy. The abundant rural economy, cheap labor, abundant natural resources and relatively loose institutional environment have great attraction to the capital of city businessmen. The complementary advantages and beneficial infiltration between urban and rural areas make capitalism develop in rural industry, mainly in wool industry. The prosperity of rural industry in England is the result of historical resultant force. It is a movement process based on the capital of the city businessman and based on the village, which is based on the two-way interaction mechanism between urban and rural areas. Through useful reflection and comparison, this paper holds that neither the city nor the country can undertake the historical mission of giving birth to capitalism independently, in view of their insuperable shortcomings and shortcomings. Their mutual absorption and exchange of necessities are the most basic and profound forces to promote the transformation of Western European society to modern times. The success of Britain gives us some enlightenment and wisdom, how to deal with the relationship between industry and agriculture, how to perfect the legal system, and how to ensure the accumulation of wealth of individual farmers, which is still of great significance for the industrialization of China.
【学位授予单位】：天津师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2007
【分类号】：K561.4
【参考文献】
相关期刊论文 前6条
1 陈玉刚;市民社会的发育与西方民主[J];复旦学报(社会科学版);1995年03期
2 侯建新;个人的发展与英国农村阶级结构变迁[J];世界历史;1989年01期
3 马克W
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