从“拿破仑专制”到“波拿巴式民主”——近代法国帝制的政治特性思考

发布时间：2018-08-09 14:34

【摘要】：大革命后,法国先后出现了由同一个波拿巴家族执掌两个帝国政体:拿破仑第一帝国和拿破仑第二帝国。两个波拿巴的帝国事业成绩不俗,于法国历史发展贡献卓著,对法兰西特性的建构也影响深远。就帝国治理方式而言,两个波拿巴既有相似之处,也有微妙的差别,走出了一条从"拿破仑专制"到"波拿巴式民主"的奇特之路。第二帝国后期的由专制向自由的转变,主要是包括共和派、有自由倾向的帝国反对派和工人运动三大力量倒逼所致,但与拿破仑三世的明智让步也有很大关系。"波拿巴式民主",或曰自由主义的改革则在客观上成了日后共和民主的前期操练,帝国的自由派,尤其是共和派日后也成长为第三共和国的中流砥柱。不过,帝国制下的"自由民主"并非西方经典意寓下的民主,民众得到的权利充其量只是某些社会权利的延伸,帝国的一些自由的制度安排也只是巩固政权的手段,而非自由目的本身。所以,"波拿巴式民主"可以定性为法国政治发展中专制向民主转变过程中的一个特殊的时期。在工业化蓬勃发展的民主时代,帝国政体的命运终究是短暂的,第二帝国的很快崩溃就是明证。
[Abstract]:After the Revolution, France was ruled by the same Bonaparte family: Napoleon's first Empire and Napoleon's second Empire. The two imperial undertakings of Bonaparte made great contributions to the development of French history and had a profound influence on the construction of French characteristics. In terms of imperial governance, both Bonaparte and Bonaparte have similarities and subtle differences, and they have taken a strange path from Napoleon's autocracy to Bonaparte's democracy. The transition from despotism to freedom in the latter part of the second Reich was mainly driven by the republicanism, the liberal imperial opposition and the workers' movement, but also by the wise concessions of Napoleon III. " Bonaparte-style democracy, or liberal reform, objectively became the early practice of later Republican democracy, and the liberals of the Empire, especially the Republicans, grew into the mainstay of the third Republic. However, the "liberal democracy" under the imperial system is not the democracy implied by the western classics. The rights obtained by the people are at best an extension of certain social rights, and some of the free institutional arrangements of the empire are only the means to consolidate the regime. Not the end of freedom itself. Therefore, Bonaparte democracy can be characterized as a special period in the process of autocracy to democracy in French political development. In the era of industrialised democracy, the fate of the imperial system was, after all, brief, as evidenced by the rapid collapse of the second Reich.
【作者单位】：浙江大学历史学系;
【基金】：2012国家社科规划重大项目“《法国大通史》编纂”(12&ZD187)的前期成果
【分类号】：K565

【共引文献】