古典时期雅典自耕农的经济风险与应对

发布时间：2018-08-19 06:35

【摘要】：纵观古希腊农业经济史,自耕农经济表现出灵活的适应性。它根植于古希腊不同类型的若干城邦、同一城邦的不同历史时期内,虽面临着多重因素造成的诸多经济风险,但仍保持着顽强的生命力。古典时期雅典自耕农对经济风险已经形成了一整套严密的应对机制,对此的研究有助于我们更加深刻地了解古典时期雅典的社会经济特点,同时对古代其他国家小农经济的经济风险研究具有重要的借鉴意义。基于此,本文主要以古典史料为基础,借鉴近现代学者尤其是近二十年来考古学家对古希腊城镇和乡村遗址的挖掘与研究成果,结合考古学、历史地理学和经济学等相关学科知识,综合运用历史分析和文史互证的历史研究方法,对自耕农阶层进行界定,论述自耕农经济的特征,以历史唯物主义思想为指导,具体分析自耕农经济面临的一系列风险与危机,并尝试探讨自耕农是如何应对和解决这些经济风险与危机的。全文由绪言、正文、结语和参考文献四部分组成,其中正文分为三部分。绪言介绍了国内外学术界对本课题及相关问题的研究现状,概述了本文选题的学术价值和意义。正文由三部分组成。第一部分,笔者首先对自耕农阶层进行了明确的定义,指出自耕农是拥有一定数量的土地财产并亲自耕耘土地的雅典公民；然后从法律地位、社会经济地位和思想文化地位等方面勾勒了雅典自耕农的基本特征；最后,就土地经营模式、劳动力的使用和经济目的等三方面概括自耕农经济的特色,自耕农采取亲自耕作的经营模式,以农业的集约化生产为主,农林牧副渔多种经济共同发展的经济模式；以使用家庭内的劳动力为主,但并不排除使用奴隶或雇工的可能性；以自给自足的经济目的为主的同时,也将商品经济作为必要的补充。第二部分,笔者重点讨论了自耕农面临的经济风险,以自耕农经济风险的表现和经济风险的成因,这两个方面分别进行论述。笔者认为自耕农普遍面临着干旱、洪涝、冰雹等自然风险和土地兼并、战争等社会风险的威胁；明确指出这些经济风险是雅典变幻莫测的气候、恶劣的地理环境、频繁爆发的战争和社会本身的政治经济体制弊端造成的。第三部分,笔者着重探讨了自耕农应对经济风险与危机的策略。古典时期的雅典自耕农已经形成了完善的解决经济风险的机制,从性质上可以划分为：适应性措施和应对性策略；从适用的范围来说可分为家庭内的、城邦共同体内的和城邦范围外的应对策略。家庭内的应对策略包括：土地的分散化和农作物的多样化相结合、灵活多变的生产策略、直接存储食物、畜牧业和采集渔猎；而城邦共同体内的应对策略涉及到由亲属、邻居和朋友以及恩主构成的人际关系援助网络,城邦范围外的策略是进口粮食、殖民运动和宗教干预。
[Abstract]:Throughout the history of agricultural economy in ancient Greece, the peasant economy showed flexible adaptability. It is rooted in different types of city-states in ancient Greece, and in different historical periods of the same city-state, although it faces many economic risks caused by many factors, it still maintains its tenacious vitality. In the classical period, the Athenian farmers have formed a set of strict coping mechanisms to deal with economic risks. The study on this has helped us to understand more deeply the social and economic characteristics of Athens during the classical period. At the same time, it has important reference significance for the study of the economic risk of small peasant economy in other ancient countries. Based on this, this paper mainly based on classical historical data, drawing lessons from modern scholars, especially archaeologists in the past two decades to excavate and research ancient Greek cities and towns and rural sites, combined with archaeology, The historical geography, economics and other related disciplines, using the historical analysis and historical cross-attestation of historical research methods, define the peasant stratum, discuss the characteristics of the peasant economy, and take the historical materialism as the guide. This paper analyzes a series of risks and crises faced by the peasant economy, and tries to discuss how to deal with and solve these economic risks and crises. The full text consists of four parts: introduction, text, conclusion and reference, in which the text is divided into three parts. The preface introduces the research status of this topic and related issues in academic circles at home and abroad, and summarizes the academic value and significance of this topic. The text consists of three parts. In the first part, the author gives a clear definition of the peasant stratum, and points out that the farmer is a citizen of Athens who owns a certain amount of land property and cultivates the land himself, and then from the legal status, Social and economic status and ideological and cultural status outline the basic characteristics of the Athenian farmers; finally, from the land management model, the use of labor force and economic purposes, the characteristics of the farming economy are summarized. The farmer adopts the management mode of farming in person, mainly in the intensive production of agriculture, and in the economic mode of common development of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, by-fishery and many other kinds of economy, mainly using the labor force in the family, but does not rule out the possibility of using slaves or hired workers; At the same time, the commodity economy is taken as a necessary supplement. In the second part, the author mainly discusses the economic risks faced by the farmers, and discusses the performance of the economic risks and the causes of the economic risks respectively. The author believes that farmers are generally faced with natural risks such as drought, flood, hail, land annexation, war and other social risks, and clearly points out that these economic risks are the unpredictable climate and harsh geographical environment of Athens. The frequent outbreak of war and the malpractice of society's own political and economic system. In the third part, the author focuses on the strategies for farmers to deal with economic risks and crises. The classical Athenian farmers have formed a perfect mechanism to solve economic risks, which can be divided into adaptive measures and coping strategies in nature, and can be divided into the family from the scope of application. Coping strategies within and outside the city-state community. Family coping strategies include a combination of land diversification and crop diversification, flexible production strategies, direct storage of food, animal husbandry, and fishing and hunting, while in the city-state community, coping strategies involve relatives. Neighbors and friends as well as benefactors form a network of interpersonal aid, outside the city-state 's strategy of importing food, the colonial movement, and religious intervention.
【学位授予单位】：陕西师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：K125

【参考文献】