浅析民族人民党在魏玛共和国灭亡过程中的作用
发布时间：2018-08-20 10:18
【摘要】：在魏玛共和国的政党政治中,民族人民党是最主要的保守主义反对党,它诞生于一战末期德国十一月革命引发的社会混乱局势当中,解散于1933年希特勒上台后,在国内强力推行纳粹党独裁统治时期。在其存续的短暂历史中,它始终以推翻共和国,重建君主主义政体为目标,虽然民族人民党的反共和运动不是魏玛共和国灭亡的直接原因,但却在这个过程中发挥了极为关键的作用,本文的写作目的就是对该作用做出较为详细的分析解释。魏玛共和国的发展经历了三个阶段:共和国成立起至道威斯计划签订前的社会动荡期;道威斯计划签订后至经济大危机爆发前的相对稳定期;经济大危机爆发后到希特勒夺取政权的共和国瓦解期。作为主要的反对党,民族人民党在这三个阶段采取了不同的反共和措施,并造成了不同的政治后果,故也成为本文正文部分划分章节的主要的依据。本文主要由三部分组成:绪论、正文和结语。绪论部分主要说明本文的选题依据和研究意义,同时还简要梳理了国内外学界对该主题的研究现状。正文部分依时间顺序分为三章。第一章主要论述民族人民党成立的背景、过程及其成立初期进行的反共和国运动。十一月革命爆发后,由社会民主党主导的中左派政党建立了临时政府,但它没有利用有利条件在国内推行彻底的民主化改革,反而向保守主义者妥协,为民族人民党的成立奠定了社会基础。第二帝国时期的保守主义政党为了在新的共和国政权中求得生存,经过简单的协商,联合成立了反共和、反民主的民族人民党,但其内部固有矛盾并没有得到根本解决。刚成立时,民族人民党的力量还比较弱小,虽无力反抗民主政权,但它却暗中支持、参与了卡普暴动,并利用政府外交危机广泛吸收保守主义选民。此外,它还运用大众传媒工具大肆中伤共和国,营造了保守的社会氛围,由此引发了两起针对共和国部长的刺杀活动。第二章着重分析成为议会大党后的民族人民党,在共和国的相对稳定期,对政府的内政外交施加的影响及其自身内部矛盾的发展。极端保守主义的暴动夺权计划遭遇失败后,国内的反共和力量大多聚集在了民族人民党的旗下,使它迅速发展成议会的主要政党,然而,此时的党内矛盾也在逐渐发展。鲁尔危机后,魏玛政府积极与协约国接触,构建了有利的外交局势,随后,大量外部资金涌入了国内,共和国的经济迅速恢复,社会走向稳定。在外交上,民族人民党的中央领导接受了现实变化,开始变得理性化,对政府的态度也趋于缓和,然而党的基层组织依旧将民族尊严与国家荣誉放在第一位,坚决反对政府与协约国签订道威斯计划和洛迦诺公约,这也成为党日后分裂的根本原因;在内政上,民族人民党短暂参加了两次内阁,虽然没有取得重大的政治成果,但成功使共和国的政治局势发生了右转,也反映了国内保守主义的复兴。第三章重点阐释极端化后的民族人民党对待共和政权的顽固反对态度,及其在纳粹党崛起过程中发挥的作用和为阻止希特勒建立独裁统治所做的努力。极端保守主义者胡根贝格出任党首后,民族人民党对待政府的态度发生了根本性的转变,它拒绝与政府的一切合作,为了推翻共和政权,反而不惜与纳粹党联合,组建极端的哈茨堡阵线。在经济危机的沉重打击下,国内中产阶级大量破产,德国社会再次陷入混乱,凭借胡根贝格在资金和宣传上的大力支持,纳粹党成功吸引了对现状不满的选民,迅速成长为国会第一大党,民族人民党却日渐衰落。希特勒获权组阁后,胡根贝格也加入了新内阁,企图阻止希特勒建立纳粹党的独裁统治,但却以失败告终,民族人民党在纳粹党的不断打击下也被迫宣告解散。结语部分主要是对民族人民党在魏玛共和国走向灭亡过程中发挥的作用做了进一步的梳理和总结,并结合时政,分析了近年来欧美保守主义的复兴给全球化进程带来的挑战以及不断滋长的民族主义给世界和平带来的威胁。
[Abstract]:Nationalist People's Party is the most important conservative opposition party in the political party politics of the Weimar Republic. It was born in the social chaos caused by the November Revolution in Germany at the end of World War I. After Hitler came to power in 1933, the Nationalist People's Party vigorously pursued the Nazi dictatorship in China. Although the anti-Republican movement of the National People's Party was not the direct cause of the destruction of the Weimar Republic, it played a crucial role in the process. The purpose of this paper is to make a more detailed analysis and explanation of this role. The development of the Weimar Republic has gone through three stages. Duan: The period of social unrest between the founding of the Republic and the signing of the Dowes Plan; the period of relative stability between the signing of the Dowes Plan and the outbreak of the Great Economic Crisis; and the period of the collapse of the Republic after the outbreak of the Great Economic Crisis and the seizure of power by Hitler. This article mainly consists of three parts: the introduction, the main body and the conclusion. The introduction part mainly explains the basis and the significance of this paper, and also briefly reviews the research status of this topic in domestic and foreign academic circles. The first chapter mainly discusses the background, process and anti-Republican movement of the founding of the National People's Party. After the outbreak of the November Revolution, the Central Left Party led by the Social Democratic Party established the interim government, but it did not take advantage of the favorable conditions to carry out thorough democratization reform in China, instead, it was conservative. In order to survive in the new Republican regime, the Conservative Party of the Second Imperial Period, after simple consultation, jointly established the anti-Republican and anti-democratic National People's Party, but its inherent contradictions were not fundamentally solved. The party's strength is still weak, though it is unable to resist the Democratic regime, but it secretly supported, participated in the Kapp riots, and used the government's diplomatic crisis to attract conservative voters. In addition, it also used mass media tools to slander the republic, creating a conservative social atmosphere, which triggered two assassinations against the Minister of the republic. Chapter Two focuses on the influence of the National People's Party on the government's internal and foreign affairs and the development of its own internal contradictions during the period of relative stability of the Republic. After the Ruhr crisis, the Weimar government actively contacted the allies and constructed a favorable diplomatic situation. Subsequently, a large amount of external funds poured into the country, the Republic's economy recovered rapidly and the society became stable. The central leadership accepted the realistic changes, began to become rational, and tended to ease the attitude towards the government. However, the Party's grassroots organizations still put national dignity and national honor first, and firmly opposed the signing of the Dawes Plan and the Locano Convention between the government and the Allied countries, which became the fundamental reason for the split of the Party in the future. The Democratic Party briefly participated in two cabinets, although it did not achieve significant political results, but it succeeded in turning the political situation in the Republic to the right, reflecting the revival of domestic conservatism. Chapter III focuses on the extremized NPC's stubborn opposition to the Republican power and its role in the rise of the Nazi Party. After Huggenberg became the party leader, the attitude of the Nationalist People's Party towards the government changed fundamentally. It refused to cooperate with the government. In order to overthrow the republic, it did not hesitate to unite with the Nazis to form an extreme Hartsburg Front. With the financial and propaganda support of Hugenberg, the Nazi Party successfully attracted dissatisfied voters and grew rapidly into the largest party in Congress, while the National People's Party declined. After Hitler was empowered to form a cabinet, Hugenberg became the first party in Congress. He also joined the new cabinet in an attempt to prevent Hitler from establishing the dictatorship of the Nazi Party, but failed, and the National People's Party was forced to dissolve under the constant attack of the Nazi Party. The current politics analyzes the challenges to the globalization process brought by the revival of conservatism in Europe and America in recent years and the threats to world peace brought by the growing nationalism.
【学位授予单位】：南京大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：K516.43
本文编号：2193253
[Abstract]:Nationalist People's Party is the most important conservative opposition party in the political party politics of the Weimar Republic. It was born in the social chaos caused by the November Revolution in Germany at the end of World War I. After Hitler came to power in 1933, the Nationalist People's Party vigorously pursued the Nazi dictatorship in China. Although the anti-Republican movement of the National People's Party was not the direct cause of the destruction of the Weimar Republic, it played a crucial role in the process. The purpose of this paper is to make a more detailed analysis and explanation of this role. The development of the Weimar Republic has gone through three stages. Duan: The period of social unrest between the founding of the Republic and the signing of the Dowes Plan; the period of relative stability between the signing of the Dowes Plan and the outbreak of the Great Economic Crisis; and the period of the collapse of the Republic after the outbreak of the Great Economic Crisis and the seizure of power by Hitler. This article mainly consists of three parts: the introduction, the main body and the conclusion. The introduction part mainly explains the basis and the significance of this paper, and also briefly reviews the research status of this topic in domestic and foreign academic circles. The first chapter mainly discusses the background, process and anti-Republican movement of the founding of the National People's Party. After the outbreak of the November Revolution, the Central Left Party led by the Social Democratic Party established the interim government, but it did not take advantage of the favorable conditions to carry out thorough democratization reform in China, instead, it was conservative. In order to survive in the new Republican regime, the Conservative Party of the Second Imperial Period, after simple consultation, jointly established the anti-Republican and anti-democratic National People's Party, but its inherent contradictions were not fundamentally solved. The party's strength is still weak, though it is unable to resist the Democratic regime, but it secretly supported, participated in the Kapp riots, and used the government's diplomatic crisis to attract conservative voters. In addition, it also used mass media tools to slander the republic, creating a conservative social atmosphere, which triggered two assassinations against the Minister of the republic. Chapter Two focuses on the influence of the National People's Party on the government's internal and foreign affairs and the development of its own internal contradictions during the period of relative stability of the Republic. After the Ruhr crisis, the Weimar government actively contacted the allies and constructed a favorable diplomatic situation. Subsequently, a large amount of external funds poured into the country, the Republic's economy recovered rapidly and the society became stable. The central leadership accepted the realistic changes, began to become rational, and tended to ease the attitude towards the government. However, the Party's grassroots organizations still put national dignity and national honor first, and firmly opposed the signing of the Dawes Plan and the Locano Convention between the government and the Allied countries, which became the fundamental reason for the split of the Party in the future. The Democratic Party briefly participated in two cabinets, although it did not achieve significant political results, but it succeeded in turning the political situation in the Republic to the right, reflecting the revival of domestic conservatism. Chapter III focuses on the extremized NPC's stubborn opposition to the Republican power and its role in the rise of the Nazi Party. After Huggenberg became the party leader, the attitude of the Nationalist People's Party towards the government changed fundamentally. It refused to cooperate with the government. In order to overthrow the republic, it did not hesitate to unite with the Nazis to form an extreme Hartsburg Front. With the financial and propaganda support of Hugenberg, the Nazi Party successfully attracted dissatisfied voters and grew rapidly into the largest party in Congress, while the National People's Party declined. After Hitler was empowered to form a cabinet, Hugenberg became the first party in Congress. He also joined the new cabinet in an attempt to prevent Hitler from establishing the dictatorship of the Nazi Party, but failed, and the National People's Party was forced to dissolve under the constant attack of the Nazi Party. The current politics analyzes the challenges to the globalization process brought by the revival of conservatism in Europe and America in recent years and the threats to world peace brought by the growing nationalism.
【学位授予单位】：南京大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：K516.43
【相似文献】
相关硕士学位论文 前1条
1 梁雅栋;浅析民族人民党在魏玛共和国灭亡过程中的作用[D];南京大学;2017年
，本文编号：2193253
本文链接：https://www.wllwen.com/shekelunwen/xifanglishiwenhua/2193253.html
最近更新
教材专著
