早期斯图亚特英国贵族官员腐败原因初探
发布时间：2018-08-24 07:48
【摘要】：斯图亚特早期是英国历史上社会腐败现象较为突出的时期,而腐败现象又主要体现在社会政治领域、经济领域和海军的经营过程中。 在社会政治领域中,上层贵族和官员拥有对官职和爵位的提名权,从而导致了上层贵族和官员因增设爵位、任命官员而收受贿赂、结党营私等腐败行为;中下层官员在征收中央和地方的税费的过程中的挪用、贪污行为,地方司法过程中的乱收费和司法不公的行为等,在这一方面,尤以当时英国地方政府最有影响的治安法官为甚。 在经济领域,王室政府大量地出售包税权以及专利和专营垄断权,其中最为关键的是这些权力大都是由大贵族和高级官员所控制,通过拍卖、招标、出售和转让等方式,最终到达相应的经营实体的手中。在这一过程中,出现了大贵族和高级官员或直接转卖,或受贿和变相受贿,或敲诈勒索等腐败行径。 在经营海军的过程中,腐败现象极为普遍。海军大臣及下属官员可以说是肆无忌惮,其行为表现为以下各方面:军备物质的采买过程中的收受回扣或在自己或亲属的公司中采买并以次充好;虚报官兵数目及日常开支;私分战利品;勾结、保护走私;收取航线保护费等。 本文的重点是探讨早期斯图亚特王朝贵族官员腐败的原因,从五个方面予以阐述: 一 发展的不平衡和冲突的加剧 早期近代英国社会转型时期,特别是从都铎晚期到斯图亚特早期,其社会发展变化显著,笔者认为,其变化的基本特点是:发展的不平衡和冲突的加剧。 政治上,自都铎王朝起,英国的政治活动主要以王权和议会为中心,一方面,王权一再扩充,另一方面,议会两院尤其是下院也在不断地争取自身的权利。王权和议会权力的双向发展,必然引起双方的冲突,使得英国这一时期的政治斗争始终围绕着王权和议会而进行。到早期斯图亚特,抛开议会实行个人统治的行为突破了由都铎王朝的君主们和议会共同逐渐创立的政治框架,加上从亨利八世起开始建立的以国王个人为中心的行政机构的扩展,使得由议会和国王相互制约的英国政治权力的重心向王权倾斜,由此,都铎初期起开始建立的个人庇护制成为了这一时期行政制度的主体,并产生了严重的后果。 经济方面。物价的上扬、城市的兴起、商品经济的发展为这一时期显著的经济发展特点,但是,由于王室传统的财政收入不能满足因物价上涨、战争和行政支出的增加所引起的巨额的财政支出,因此,王室掠取非传统的财政资源来弥补财政的不足成为必然。王室随意获取、侵占公共领域财富的政策和行为无疑与当时经济发展的要求不相适应。尽管,近代政府需要公共财政的支撑,由于早期斯
[Abstract]:Stuart's early period was a prominent period of social corruption in British history, which was mainly reflected in the field of social politics, economy and the management of the navy. In the field of social politics, the upper aristocrats and officials have the right to nominate the official posts and titles, which leads to the corrupt behavior of the upper nobles and officials because of the addition of titles, the appointment of officials and bribery, and so on. The misappropriation, embezzlement, arbitrary collection of fees and charges and unfair acts of justice by officials of the middle and lower levels in the course of collecting taxes and fees from the central and local governments, etc., in this respect, This was especially true of the most influential magistrates of the then British local government. In the economic sphere, the royal government sells a large number of tax rights, patents and monopolies, the most crucial of which is that most of these powers are controlled by great nobles and senior officials, through auctions, tenders, sales and transfers, etc. Finally to the appropriate operational entities in the hands of. In this process, corrupt practices such as direct resale, bribery and disguised bribery, or extortion have occurred. In the course of running the navy, corruption was widespread. The Secretary of the Navy and his subordinates may be said to be unscrupulous in their behaviour in the following aspects: receiving kickbacks during the procurement of armaments or buying them in their own or relatives' companies; making false statements of the number of officers and soldiers and their daily expenses; Private distribution of spoils; collusion to protect smuggling; collection of route protection fees. The focus of this paper is to explore the causes of corruption of aristocratic officials in the early Stuart dynasty. The first is the imbalance of development and the aggravation of conflict. In the early modern period of British social transformation, Especially from the later period of Tudor to the early period of Stuart, its social development changed significantly. The author thinks that the basic characteristics of the change are: the imbalance of development and the aggravation of conflict. Politically, since the Tudor dynasty, Britain's political activities mainly centered on the royal power and parliament. On the one hand, Wang Quan expanded repeatedly, on the other hand, both houses of parliament, especially the House of Commons, were constantly fighting for their own rights. The bidirectional development of royal power and parliamentary power inevitably leads to conflict between the two sides, which makes the political struggle in this period always revolve around the royal power and parliament. In the early days of Stuart, the practice of putting aside parliament for personal rule broke through the political framework that was gradually created by the Tudor monarchs and the parliament. Coupled with the expansion of the King's personal administration, which was established from Henry VIII, the focus of British political power, which was restricted by Parliament and the King, was skewed towards Wang Quan, The individual asylum that Tudor began to establish in the early days of Tudor was made into the subject of the administrative system of this period and had serious consequences. Economic aspects The rise of prices, the rise of cities, and the development of the commodity economy characterized the development of the economy in this period. However, because the traditional revenue of the royal family could not satisfy the rising prices, The increase of war and administrative expenditure caused a huge amount of financial expenditure, so it is inevitable for the royal family to take away non-traditional financial resources to make up for the lack of finance. The policy and behavior of the royal family to acquire and occupy the wealth of the public domain is no doubt incompatible with the demands of the economic development at that time. Although, the modern government needs the support of public finance, because of the early Sri Lanka
【学位授予单位】：武汉大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2005
【分类号】：K561.33
本文编号：2200123
[Abstract]:Stuart's early period was a prominent period of social corruption in British history, which was mainly reflected in the field of social politics, economy and the management of the navy. In the field of social politics, the upper aristocrats and officials have the right to nominate the official posts and titles, which leads to the corrupt behavior of the upper nobles and officials because of the addition of titles, the appointment of officials and bribery, and so on. The misappropriation, embezzlement, arbitrary collection of fees and charges and unfair acts of justice by officials of the middle and lower levels in the course of collecting taxes and fees from the central and local governments, etc., in this respect, This was especially true of the most influential magistrates of the then British local government. In the economic sphere, the royal government sells a large number of tax rights, patents and monopolies, the most crucial of which is that most of these powers are controlled by great nobles and senior officials, through auctions, tenders, sales and transfers, etc. Finally to the appropriate operational entities in the hands of. In this process, corrupt practices such as direct resale, bribery and disguised bribery, or extortion have occurred. In the course of running the navy, corruption was widespread. The Secretary of the Navy and his subordinates may be said to be unscrupulous in their behaviour in the following aspects: receiving kickbacks during the procurement of armaments or buying them in their own or relatives' companies; making false statements of the number of officers and soldiers and their daily expenses; Private distribution of spoils; collusion to protect smuggling; collection of route protection fees. The focus of this paper is to explore the causes of corruption of aristocratic officials in the early Stuart dynasty. The first is the imbalance of development and the aggravation of conflict. In the early modern period of British social transformation, Especially from the later period of Tudor to the early period of Stuart, its social development changed significantly. The author thinks that the basic characteristics of the change are: the imbalance of development and the aggravation of conflict. Politically, since the Tudor dynasty, Britain's political activities mainly centered on the royal power and parliament. On the one hand, Wang Quan expanded repeatedly, on the other hand, both houses of parliament, especially the House of Commons, were constantly fighting for their own rights. The bidirectional development of royal power and parliamentary power inevitably leads to conflict between the two sides, which makes the political struggle in this period always revolve around the royal power and parliament. In the early days of Stuart, the practice of putting aside parliament for personal rule broke through the political framework that was gradually created by the Tudor monarchs and the parliament. Coupled with the expansion of the King's personal administration, which was established from Henry VIII, the focus of British political power, which was restricted by Parliament and the King, was skewed towards Wang Quan, The individual asylum that Tudor began to establish in the early days of Tudor was made into the subject of the administrative system of this period and had serious consequences. Economic aspects The rise of prices, the rise of cities, and the development of the commodity economy characterized the development of the economy in this period. However, because the traditional revenue of the royal family could not satisfy the rising prices, The increase of war and administrative expenditure caused a huge amount of financial expenditure, so it is inevitable for the royal family to take away non-traditional financial resources to make up for the lack of finance. The policy and behavior of the royal family to acquire and occupy the wealth of the public domain is no doubt incompatible with the demands of the economic development at that time. Although, the modern government needs the support of public finance, because of the early Sri Lanka
【学位授予单位】：武汉大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2005
【分类号】：K561.33
【引证文献】
相关硕士学位论文 前1条
1 宋伟杰;莎士比亚戏剧与贵族文化元素[D];山东师范大学;2011年
，本文编号：2200123
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