新选组佐幕的历史过程
发布时间：2018-08-24 11:28
【摘要】：新选组诞生于幕末这一特殊的历史时期,其组织自身的发展以整个幕末时代为轴,反映了幕末这一历史时期的复杂性。首先,新选组作为重要的战斗力,一直处于与尊攘浪士斗争的最前线,对时势的变化产生了很大的影响。其次,在收集情报、搜查、筹措资金等特殊任务上,新选组也发挥了很大的作用。另一方面,新选组本身在幕末这一复杂的时期当中,呈现了自己的特色。他们的特殊性表现在,在主张攘夷这方面,他们与尊攘志士是相同的,但是在主张攘夷的同时新选组支持幕府的统治。这一点使得新选组成为了幕末的一个特殊的集团代表。本稿参考诸先行研究,将新选组这一组织的历史分为了三个历史时段,即：浪士组时期、京都时期的新选组以及戊辰战争时期的新选组。本稿将时间限定在新选组的浪士组时期及京都时期这两个阶段。在新选组历史上有三个人物：清河八郎、芹泽鸭、伊东甲子太郎,他们三人促成了新选组历史上的三个重大的转折期。此三人皆为尊王攘夷派,他们分别在怎样的情况下与新选组相关联,又因为何种原因与作为新选组主力的近藤一派分道扬镳是十分值得深思的。本稿将清河八郎、芹泽鸭、伊东甲子太郎这三个人物与新选组相关联的三个时期作为三个转折点,通过分析近藤与这三个人物思想认识的不同,来说明新选组一步步走向完全佐幕路线的历史过程。第一章,主要着眼于新选组的草创期即浪士组时期,分析了清河八郎与近藤勇认识的不同之处。浪士募集提案的提出者是清河八郎。清河八郎以攘夷为优先目标,属于偏激的攘夷派人士,这根源于清河早期受到的教育,也与清河早年的攘夷活动有关,这一点在先行研究中很少有人提到。清河八郎与近藤勇之间的分歧在于对攘夷的具体认识上有所不同。清河八郎主张将军东下,认为应该在关东地区实行攘夷大计。与此相对,近藤希望将军留在京都,主张在大阪湾迎击夷狄。近藤的攘夷主张是以幕府的主导为中心的,他把幕府和朝廷的合作作为优先事项。另一方面,清河怀有过激的攘夷思想,以此为出发点,清河直接的敌对对象为夷狄。而对近藤一方来说,铲除扰乱京都治安的“奸人”则更为紧急。围绕攘夷,清河与近藤之间有着巨大的差异,双方的分裂也可以说是不可避免的。与以清河为首的所谓归还组的分裂也意味着近藤一派与过激的尊王攘夷派的诀别。以此为起点,近藤派隶属会津藩麾下,开始作为幕府一方活动。在第二章中,首先将以往研究中没有提及的会津藩的影响列入考察范围内。会津藩对于新选组的影响,首先在于公武合体的立场。其次,在会津藩的指示之下,新选组的活动开始一步步向现实路线转化。在此背景之下,芹泽鸭与近藤勇之间的差异开始渐渐明朗化。芹泽鸭原本是水户藩出身的天狗党的一员。首先,可以确定的是芹泽鸭具有很强的尊王攘夷意识。其次,芹泽鸭曾亲身参加了天狗党的一些过激的尊攘活动,因此,他在行动上有一些天狗党特有的过激倾向。与尊攘思想的发源地水户藩出身的芹泽鸭不同,近藤勇等出身于亲幕府的多摩地区。多摩地区的特殊性表现在与江户的一体观之上。多摩地区形成的富农阶层的联络网对近藤等产生了很大的影响。多摩富农层共同的特点即是亲幕府的态度。在芹泽派与近藤派的斗争中,现实层面的权力斗争的要素十分明显,但根本的原因还在于两派立场的不同。芹泽派被肃清之后,新选组的全权完全归于近藤之手,这意味着新选组内部异份子肃清的完成,从此以近藤为首的亲幕府的组织体制得以确立。在第三章中,对伊东甲子太郎的加入以及离队的过程进行了考察,从而探明了伊东派与近藤派冲突的始末。首先,先对芹泽暗杀事件之后伊东入队之前这一段时间内近藤对于攘夷的认识的变化进行了分析。这之后,伊东正式加入新选组。关于伊东的入队契机,现实方面和思想方面均有原因,但决定要素还是在于双方所持的立场。近藤对天皇抱持敬意是无可置疑的。同时,伊东一派虽说是勤王党但是在当时没有倒幕的打算。然而随着时势的发展,双方本质上的区别并未消除,反而渐渐趋于明显。近藤派更加倾向于幕府,与长州的敌对逐渐成为其中心任务。与之相对,伊东一派则秘密接近长州人士并意图参加勤王运动。庆应三年,伊东带领同志一起从新选组脱队,结成御陵卫士。伊东派与近藤派根本的区别还是在于勤皇与佐幕之间。伊东的一切论述当中处于中心地位的是主权归朝廷所有这一项。而近藤行动的前提则在于幕府的主导。另一方面,在对待长州的态度上双方有着决定性的不同。伊东主张对长的宽大处理,而近藤则极力主张长州征伐。伊东派离开新选组之后作为御陵卫士进一步展开了勤王活动。与此相对,新选组则被破格升为幕臣,从亲幕府完全转化为了幕府的一部分。伊东进一步的勤王活动的展开与新选组的幕臣化以极端明确的方式表现了双方所选道路的不同。近藤勇一众从清河八郎一方中分离而出,加入会津藩的指挥之下,开始作为幕府一方行动。之后,随着芹泽鸭一派被肃清,新选组内部的立场得到了统一。最后,与伊东派的分离,进一步确立了新选组佐幕的路线。随之而来的新选组的幕臣化,更是确立了新选组作为幕府一部分的地位,同时也意味着新选组佐幕历史的彻底完成。在新选组佐幕的整个过程中,笔者认为近藤的思想起到了根本性的指挥作用。首先,最值得重视的一点是近藤主张公武合体的立场。近藤一切认识的根源在于他以幕府为中心的主张。近藤的这一认识决定了新选组前进的方向。另外,近藤思想的变化对于新选组来说也具有重大的意义。近藤思想的变化主要是指他对于攘夷认识的变化。随着时势的发展,近藤逐渐由支持攘夷变为了较为开明的思想。放弃了攘夷的目标之后,新选组致力于加强势力,开始招募新队员,并且强化了组织的机能。可以说,近藤的思想影响了新选组的路线,而新选组的一系列活动又直接影响了时势的变化。首先,在一开始时,近藤派选择了与尊攘势力的对立的道路,从而加强了幕府的势力。这之后,新选组内部的肃清则是达到了铲除威胁幕府统治势力的效果。接下来,新选组放弃了攘夷,进一步投身于与尊攘势力的斗争中,更是达到了强化幕府战斗力的效果。就这样,新选组的活动,对幕末的时势变化有着很大的影响。笔者认为,想要认识新选组这一组织,分析其究竟如何贯彻了佐幕的路线是十分必须的。这其中,对指导者近藤的思想认识的分析则是问题的关键所在。
[Abstract]:The newly elected group was born in the special historical period of the end of the curtain, and its organization's development was on the axis of the whole end of the curtain, reflecting the complexity of the historical period at the end of the curtain. On the other hand, the new group itself shows its own characteristics during the complicated period of the end of the scene. Their particularity is that they are the same as the respectable people in advocating the banishment of Yi, but in advocating the banishment of Yi at the same time, they also choose new branches. This draft refers to previous studies and divides the history of the newly elected group into three historical periods, namely, the period of the Longshi Group, the period of Kyoto and the period of the Wuchen War. There are three characters in the history of the new group: Balang Qinghe, Qianze Duck, and Tailang Yidong. The three of them contributed to the three major turning points in the history of the new group. This paper takes the three periods of the three characters, Balang Qinghe, Kumzawa Duck and Taro Yidong, as three turning points, which are related to the new group. Through the analysis of the differences between Kondo and the three characters, it illustrates that the new group is moving towards perfection step by step. Chapter One, focusing on the initial stage of the new group, the Longshi Group, analyzes the differences between Balang Tsinghe and Kondo Kondo. In contrast, Kondo wanted the general to stay in Kyoto, and Kondo wanted him to stay in the capital. In Osaka Bay, Zhang's view of banishing Yidi Kondo was centered on the leadership of the shogunate. He made cooperation between the shogunate and the imperial court a priority. On the other hand, Qing He Huai had a radical idea of banishing Yidi, which served as a starting point for Qing He's direct enemy. On the Kondo side, he eliminated the "adulterers" who disturbed Kyoto's security. The split with the so-called restitution group headed by the Qinghe River also meant the separation of the Kondo faction from the radical King Respecting the Yi faction. From this point of departure, the Kondo faction was subordinate to the Kuizumi and began to live as part of the shogunate. In the second chapter, firstly, the influence of Hui Jinfan, which was not mentioned in the previous study, is included in the scope of investigation. The influence of Hui Jinfan on the new group lies first in the position of the combination of public and military forces. First of all, it is certain that the duck has a strong sense of respect for the king. Second, the duck has personally participated in some of the celestial dog party's excessive activities, so he has some of the celestial dog party's unique extreme tendencies in action. The particularity of the Domo area is reflected in the view of integration with Edo. The network of rich peasants in the Domo area has a great influence on Kondo and others. The common feature of the Domo rich peasants is the state of being close to the shogunate. Du. In the struggle between the Qinze and Kondo factions, the real power struggle is very obvious, but the fundamental reason lies in the different positions of the two factions. In the third chapter, the author inspects the process of Taro Ito's joining and leaving the army, and then finds out the beginning and the end of the conflict between the Ito and Kondo factions. There are both practical and ideological reasons for Edom's entry, but the decisive factor lies in the positions of both sides. Kondo's respect for the emperor is beyond doubt. At the same time, the Edom faction, though hardworking, had no intention of falling back. However, with the development of the situation, the nature of the two sides was unchanged. In contrast, the Ito faction secretly approached the Changzhou people and intended to participate in the King of Qin movement. In the third year of Qingying, Ito led his comrades out of the new group and formed a guard of the imperial mausoleum. The fundamental difference between the Fujiku school and the Samurai school lies in the diligence between the Emperor and the Samurai. Ito's central position in all his arguments is that sovereignty belongs to the court. The premise of Kondo's action is that the shogunate is in charge. On the other hand, there are decisive differences in the attitude towards Changzhou. Ito advocates lenient treatment of the long term, while the near term. In contrast, the newly elected group was upgraded from pro-shogunate to a full part of the shogunate. The further activities of the new shogunate and the shogunate formation of the new group were manifested in an extremely clear manner. Kondo separated from the Balang side of the Qinghe River and joined Ozumiya to act as the shogunate side. Later, with the elimination of the Kumzawa Yak faction, the internal position of the new group was unified. Finally, the separation from the Edong faction further established the route of the new group. In the whole process of the new selection, the author thinks that Kondo's thought has played a fundamental role in directing. First of all, the most important point is that Kondo advocates the combination of public and military forces. Kondo's view is rooted in his idea that the shogunate is the center of all his knowledge. Kondo's understanding determines the direction of the new group. In addition, the change of Kondo's thinking is of great significance to the new group. The change of Kondo's thinking mainly refers to the change of his understanding of the barbarians. With the development of the times, Kondo's understanding of the barbarians has changed. After abandoning the goal of abandoning Japan, the new selection team devoted itself to strengthening its forces, recruiting new players, and strengthening the organization's functions. Initially, the Kondo faction chose the opposite path to the power of the shogunate, thus strengthening the shogunate's influence. After that, the internal purge of the new group achieved the effect of eradicating the forces threatening the shogunate's rule. In this way, the activities of the new group have a great impact on the change of the situation at the end of the curtain. The author believes that it is very necessary to understand the new group and analyze how it implements the line of Samurai. Among them, the analysis of the mentor Kondo's thought is the key to the problem.
【学位授予单位】：北京外国语大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：K313.36
，
本文编号：2200682
[Abstract]:The newly elected group was born in the special historical period of the end of the curtain, and its organization's development was on the axis of the whole end of the curtain, reflecting the complexity of the historical period at the end of the curtain. On the other hand, the new group itself shows its own characteristics during the complicated period of the end of the scene. Their particularity is that they are the same as the respectable people in advocating the banishment of Yi, but in advocating the banishment of Yi at the same time, they also choose new branches. This draft refers to previous studies and divides the history of the newly elected group into three historical periods, namely, the period of the Longshi Group, the period of Kyoto and the period of the Wuchen War. There are three characters in the history of the new group: Balang Qinghe, Qianze Duck, and Tailang Yidong. The three of them contributed to the three major turning points in the history of the new group. This paper takes the three periods of the three characters, Balang Qinghe, Kumzawa Duck and Taro Yidong, as three turning points, which are related to the new group. Through the analysis of the differences between Kondo and the three characters, it illustrates that the new group is moving towards perfection step by step. Chapter One, focusing on the initial stage of the new group, the Longshi Group, analyzes the differences between Balang Tsinghe and Kondo Kondo. In contrast, Kondo wanted the general to stay in Kyoto, and Kondo wanted him to stay in the capital. In Osaka Bay, Zhang's view of banishing Yidi Kondo was centered on the leadership of the shogunate. He made cooperation between the shogunate and the imperial court a priority. On the other hand, Qing He Huai had a radical idea of banishing Yidi, which served as a starting point for Qing He's direct enemy. On the Kondo side, he eliminated the "adulterers" who disturbed Kyoto's security. The split with the so-called restitution group headed by the Qinghe River also meant the separation of the Kondo faction from the radical King Respecting the Yi faction. From this point of departure, the Kondo faction was subordinate to the Kuizumi and began to live as part of the shogunate. In the second chapter, firstly, the influence of Hui Jinfan, which was not mentioned in the previous study, is included in the scope of investigation. The influence of Hui Jinfan on the new group lies first in the position of the combination of public and military forces. First of all, it is certain that the duck has a strong sense of respect for the king. Second, the duck has personally participated in some of the celestial dog party's excessive activities, so he has some of the celestial dog party's unique extreme tendencies in action. The particularity of the Domo area is reflected in the view of integration with Edo. The network of rich peasants in the Domo area has a great influence on Kondo and others. The common feature of the Domo rich peasants is the state of being close to the shogunate. Du. In the struggle between the Qinze and Kondo factions, the real power struggle is very obvious, but the fundamental reason lies in the different positions of the two factions. In the third chapter, the author inspects the process of Taro Ito's joining and leaving the army, and then finds out the beginning and the end of the conflict between the Ito and Kondo factions. There are both practical and ideological reasons for Edom's entry, but the decisive factor lies in the positions of both sides. Kondo's respect for the emperor is beyond doubt. At the same time, the Edom faction, though hardworking, had no intention of falling back. However, with the development of the situation, the nature of the two sides was unchanged. In contrast, the Ito faction secretly approached the Changzhou people and intended to participate in the King of Qin movement. In the third year of Qingying, Ito led his comrades out of the new group and formed a guard of the imperial mausoleum. The fundamental difference between the Fujiku school and the Samurai school lies in the diligence between the Emperor and the Samurai. Ito's central position in all his arguments is that sovereignty belongs to the court. The premise of Kondo's action is that the shogunate is in charge. On the other hand, there are decisive differences in the attitude towards Changzhou. Ito advocates lenient treatment of the long term, while the near term. In contrast, the newly elected group was upgraded from pro-shogunate to a full part of the shogunate. The further activities of the new shogunate and the shogunate formation of the new group were manifested in an extremely clear manner. Kondo separated from the Balang side of the Qinghe River and joined Ozumiya to act as the shogunate side. Later, with the elimination of the Kumzawa Yak faction, the internal position of the new group was unified. Finally, the separation from the Edong faction further established the route of the new group. In the whole process of the new selection, the author thinks that Kondo's thought has played a fundamental role in directing. First of all, the most important point is that Kondo advocates the combination of public and military forces. Kondo's view is rooted in his idea that the shogunate is the center of all his knowledge. Kondo's understanding determines the direction of the new group. In addition, the change of Kondo's thinking is of great significance to the new group. The change of Kondo's thinking mainly refers to the change of his understanding of the barbarians. With the development of the times, Kondo's understanding of the barbarians has changed. After abandoning the goal of abandoning Japan, the new selection team devoted itself to strengthening its forces, recruiting new players, and strengthening the organization's functions. Initially, the Kondo faction chose the opposite path to the power of the shogunate, thus strengthening the shogunate's influence. After that, the internal purge of the new group achieved the effect of eradicating the forces threatening the shogunate's rule. In this way, the activities of the new group have a great impact on the change of the situation at the end of the curtain. The author believes that it is very necessary to understand the new group and analyze how it implements the line of Samurai. Among them, the analysis of the mentor Kondo's thought is the key to the problem.
【学位授予单位】：北京外国语大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：K313.36
，
本文编号：2200682
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