浅析二十世纪后半期美国外交中的文化因素

发布时间：2018-08-24 16:38

【摘要】： 国家外交政策的制定与实施受到多种因素的影响,国家的外交行为在很大程度上是一个国家综合实力的体现。这种综合实力不但指人口、领土、经济实力、军事力量等硬实力,而且包括国际道义、价值观、民主思想、政治制度、生活方式等所承载的文化因素,人们一般称其为软实力。文化因素在外交政策的制定与外交实践中发挥着重要的作用。随着全球化的发展,不同文化,包括政治文化之间的交流与碰撞日益增多,对国家的外交政策也产生了日益显著的影响。探讨外交政策中的文化因素成为学者关注的热点。20世纪后半期以来,美国成为世界实力最强的超级大国。在全球推广其文化、价值观以及政治制度成为美国历届政府的一项重要任务。文化是构成一个国家或民族特性的一部分。建构主义理论认为,文化不仅影响国家行为的各种动机,而且还影响国家的基本特征,即所谓的国家认同。从文化视角观察和分析国际问题是当代国际政治理论研究的一个重要特点。对于美国来讲,作为世界上的超级大国,美国的政治文化与外交政策紧密结合,对国际关系有着重要影响。纵观20世纪后半期美国的外交政策,我们可以看出,无论是冷战初期美国推出的马歇尔计划和杜鲁门主义,还是60年代的古巴导弹危机和越南战争,美国在制定和执行其外交政策时始终贯穿着一条清晰的政治文化思想主线:反对激进性的社会变革活动,抵制社会主义国家的无产阶级专政;支持温和性的改良主义活动,赞成权力分散和个人自由。正是在这种政治文化思想的指导下,美国对古巴和越南的民族解放运动竭力镇压,对中国和苏联的社会主义运动大肆攻击,百般诋毁,恨之入骨。也正是在这种政治文化思想的指导下,美国在冷战期间积极扶植德国、日本、意大利等刚在二战中被打败但却认同美国政治文化价值观的所谓民主国家。八十年代以来,尤其是后冷战时代开始以来,美国外交政策中的政治文化因素愈显突出,其中“人权外交”、“主权在民”、“自由市场经济”等最为明显。不难看出,美国的外交政策中无可辩驳的反映出美国人的政治文化观念。事实上,自冷战开始以来,尤其是世界进入后冷战时代之后,美国政府一直在竭力向世界推行、兜售美国人的政治文化观念,企图使美国模式变成“放之四海而皆准”的模式,用美国形象来重塑世界。通过考察20世纪后半期美国的外交政策可以看出,不论是实行与苏联的对抗政策还是在冷战后谋求全球霸权,美国的政治文化都起到重要作用。美国需要在全世界推行民主制度、市场经济体制和人权价值观。尽管美国推行这种文化价值观在一定程度上有利于全球民主政治的发展,但从实质上看,是美国推行霸权的有力工具和重要手段。
[Abstract]:The formulation and implementation of national foreign policy are influenced by many factors. To a great extent, the diplomatic behavior of a country is the embodiment of a country's comprehensive strength. This kind of comprehensive strength not only refers to the hard power of population, territory, economy and military power, but also includes the cultural factors carried by international morality, values, democratic thought, political system, life style and so on, which is generally called soft power. Cultural factors play an important role in the formulation and practice of foreign policy. With the development of globalization, the exchange and collision between different cultures, including political culture, is increasing, which has an increasingly significant influence on the foreign policy of the country. Since the second half of the 20th century, the United States has become the most powerful superpower in the world. Spreading its culture, values, and political system around the world has become an important task for successive US administrations. Culture is part of the identity of a nation or nation. The theory of constructivism holds that culture not only affects the motives of state behavior, but also affects the basic characteristics of the state, that is, the so-called national identity. Observing and analyzing international issues from a cultural perspective is an important feature of contemporary international political theory. For the United States, as a superpower in the world, its political culture is closely combined with its foreign policy, which has an important influence on international relations. Looking at the foreign policy of the United States in the second half of the 20th century, we can see whether it was the Marshall Plan and Truman Doctrine launched by the United States at the beginning of the Cold War, or the Cuban missile crisis and the Vietnam War in the 1960s. In formulating and implementing its foreign policy, the United States has always been running through a clear line of political and cultural thinking: opposing radical social change activities, resisting the dictatorship of the proletariat in socialist countries, and supporting moderate reformist activities. In favour of decentralization and personal freedom. It was under the guidance of this political and cultural thought that the United States tried its best to suppress the national liberation movements in Cuba and Vietnam, and attacked the socialist movement of China and the Soviet Union with all sorts of vilification and hatred. Under the guidance of this political and cultural ideology, the United States actively nurtured Germany, Japan and Italy during the Cold War and other so-called democratic countries which had just been defeated in World War II but agreed with the values of American political culture. Since the 1980s, especially since the beginning of the post-Cold War era, the political and cultural factors in American foreign policy have become more prominent, including "human rights diplomacy", "sovereignty in the people", "free market economy" and so on. It is not difficult to see that American political and cultural ideas are indisputably reflected in American foreign policy. In fact, since the beginning of the Cold War, especially after the world entered the post-cold-war era, the United States Government has been trying to promote the American political and cultural concepts to the world, in an attempt to make the American model a "one-size-fits-all" model. Use the American image to reshape the world. By examining the foreign policy of the United States in the second half of the 20th century, it can be seen that American political culture plays an important role in both the policy of confrontation with the Soviet Union and the pursuit of global hegemony after the Cold War. The United States needs to promote democracy, market economy and human rights values around the world. Although it is beneficial to the development of democratic politics in the world to some extent, it is actually a powerful tool and an important means for the United States to carry out hegemony.
【学位授予单位】：东北师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2007
【分类号】：K712.5

【参考文献】