18世纪俄国改革与贵族
发布时间：2018-08-27 08:25
【摘要】：19世纪中期开始的俄国早期现代化举步维艰、冲突迭起,根植于18世纪改革运动奠定的社会基础。18世纪的改革运动分为三个发展阶段,彼得一世的改革时期、宫廷政变时期、叶卡特琳娜二世的改革时期。18世纪的改革运动仅仅是俄国封建体制内部的自我调整,旨在克服俄国封建主义上升时期社会面临的危机,强化西欧资本主义工业世界冲击下重建的沙皇专制主义政权,而这种专制主义政权是悖论性的集合体——现代结构与中世纪结构的奇怪混合物。彼得一世的改革从国家的整体利益出发,物质层面的欧化改革使俄国社会分裂为贵族和农民二个等级。彼得一世的继承者从贵族等级利益出发,物质、精神层面的进一步欧化改革和贵族内部的矛盾加剧了贵族等级的分裂和对抗。俄国专制主义的君主一人独裁变为君主和大贵族的联合专制,大贵族成为俄国社会进步发展的阻力;中小贵族生活贫困,某些大贵族受到旧世袭贵族的排挤,他们以退役方式逃避国家义务,脱离俄国社会现实。从这个意义上说,贵族是18世纪改革的积极推动者和受益者,又是18世纪改革的逃避者和受害者。 基辅罗斯时期,中介流动商业贸易、“索贡巡行”的经济制度和政治上的长幼顺序制决定了贵族的侍卫身份;蒙古罗斯时期,鞑靼人的暴力统治摧毁了俄国旧的经济形态和社会组织,封建世袭领地制度的建立,定居农业生活的开始,侍卫转变成为大公的“廷臣”;莫斯科罗斯时期,莫斯科公国疆域的不断拓展,封邑公国的相继归附,服役王公、侍卫成为莫斯科大公的“服役人员”。领地制度加强了“服役人员”对沙皇政府的经济依附,门第制又阻碍了“服役人员”之间的政治联盟和团结。18世纪俄罗斯帝国前期的改革使贵族成为统一的特权等级,但却没有建立起具有统一社会意识的政治联盟。沙皇专制主义统治的强化,农奴制的扩大延误了俄国现代化的进程。贵族体制的矛盾发展便是改革悖论性的集中体现。 在政治、社会文化领域,俄国封建主义自产生起就缺乏西欧的法制化传统和封建隶属之间的“互惠性”原则。《官秩表》把服役人员组成为统一的社会等级贵族等级。所有社会成员可以通过做官的方式获得贵族称号,根据教育程度和任职期限晋升官职,赏赐徽章、爵位。《官秩表》取代了中世纪门第原则,打破贵族等级的封闭性,增强了俄国君主制度的生命力和弹性。18世纪中期,安娜·伊凡诺芙娜及时修正彼得一世的过激政策,减缓贵族服役义务,创办贵族学校,对贵族子弟进行定期的4次检阅。18世纪后期,叶卡特琳娜二世进一步完善了《官秩表》的任职原则,贵族铨叙局通过定期登记、鉴定、履历表、《名册》和人口普查等方式规范贵族官员的服役。重新强调任职年限、功绩和教育程度原则。尤其强调功绩原则,优胜劣汰。并把《官秩表》任职原则扩大到国家的其他行政部门。可见,《官秩表》的任职原则使俄国封建贵族等级和官僚等级有机地融为一体,俄国的服役贵族原则比普鲁士实行得更为彻底。贵族头衔的社会来源和名称来源都出自于宫廷,拥有土地和农民的贵族个人对沙皇政权的感恩程度比任何国家要大。农民一直是对抗政府的社会异己力量,贵族从未兴风作浪,职业性、永久性、无自主性的军事服役依然是贵族的主要价值取向。所以,18世纪是沙皇政府和贵族和解的时代,在社会危机面前他们同
[Abstract]:The reform movement in the 18th century was divided into three stages: the period of Peter I's reform, the period of court coup, the period of Yekatrina II's reform. The reform movement in the 18th century was only a Russian feudal period. The internal self-adjustment of the system is aimed at overcoming the crisis confronted by Russian feudalism in its ascendant period and strengthening the Czarist autocratic regime reconstructed under the impact of the industrial world of capitalism in Western Europe. This autocratic regime is a paradoxical combination of modern and medieval structures. The reform of Peter I The successors of Peter I, proceeding from the interests of the aristocracy, further Europeanization of the material and spiritual levels and contradictions within the aristocracy aggravated the division and confrontation of the aristocracy. Man's dictatorship became the United autocracy of the monarch and the great nobility, and the great nobility became the resistance to the progress and development of Russian society; the middle and small nobles lived in poverty, and some of the great nobles were excluded by the old hereditary nobles. They escaped from the state's obligations by way of retirement and broke away from the reality of Russian society. And the beneficiaries are the evasion and victims of the reform in eighteenth Century.
In Kiev-Ross period, the economic system and the political order of elder and younger of Saogong cruise decided the nobility's guard status; in Mongol-Ross period, the violent rule of the Tatars destroyed the old economic form and social organization of Russia, the establishment of the feudal hereditary territorial system, the beginning of the settlement of agricultural life, the guard. During the Moscow Ross period, the territory of the Moscow Duchy was continuously expanded, the feudal Duchy was attached, the princes served, and the guards became the "servicemen" of the Moscow Duchy. Political alliance and unity.The reform of the Russian Empire in the early 18th century made the aristocracy a unified privileged class,but did not establish a political alliance with a unified social consciousness.The intensification of the Czarist dictatorship and the expansion of serfdom delayed the process of Russian modernization.The contradiction development of the aristocracy was a paradox of reform. Concentrated expression.
In the political, social and cultural spheres, Russian feudalism has been lacking in the legalization tradition of Western Europe and the principle of "reciprocity" between feudal subordinates since its emergence. In the mid-18th century, Anna Ivanovna promptly revised Peter I's radical policies, alleviated the aristocratic service obligations, set up aristocratic schools, and treated the aristocratic children. In the late 18th century, Catherine II further improved the principle of appointment in the rank table. The aristocratic Bureau regulated the service of aristocratic officials by means of periodic registration, appraisal, curriculum vitae, roster and census. Emphasis was placed on the principles of length of service, merit and education. It can be seen that the principle of appointment in the rank table organically integrates the ranks of Russian feudal aristocrats and bureaucrats, and the principle of serving aristocrats in Russia is more thorough than that in Prussia. The peasants have always been a dissident force against the government. The nobility has never made waves, occupational, permanent, and independently military service is still the main value orientation of the nobility. Therefore, the 18th century was an era of reconciliation between the Czar government and the nobility. They face the same social crisis.
【学位授予单位】：武汉大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2005
【分类号】：K512.4
本文编号：2206675
[Abstract]:The reform movement in the 18th century was divided into three stages: the period of Peter I's reform, the period of court coup, the period of Yekatrina II's reform. The reform movement in the 18th century was only a Russian feudal period. The internal self-adjustment of the system is aimed at overcoming the crisis confronted by Russian feudalism in its ascendant period and strengthening the Czarist autocratic regime reconstructed under the impact of the industrial world of capitalism in Western Europe. This autocratic regime is a paradoxical combination of modern and medieval structures. The reform of Peter I The successors of Peter I, proceeding from the interests of the aristocracy, further Europeanization of the material and spiritual levels and contradictions within the aristocracy aggravated the division and confrontation of the aristocracy. Man's dictatorship became the United autocracy of the monarch and the great nobility, and the great nobility became the resistance to the progress and development of Russian society; the middle and small nobles lived in poverty, and some of the great nobles were excluded by the old hereditary nobles. They escaped from the state's obligations by way of retirement and broke away from the reality of Russian society. And the beneficiaries are the evasion and victims of the reform in eighteenth Century.
In Kiev-Ross period, the economic system and the political order of elder and younger of Saogong cruise decided the nobility's guard status; in Mongol-Ross period, the violent rule of the Tatars destroyed the old economic form and social organization of Russia, the establishment of the feudal hereditary territorial system, the beginning of the settlement of agricultural life, the guard. During the Moscow Ross period, the territory of the Moscow Duchy was continuously expanded, the feudal Duchy was attached, the princes served, and the guards became the "servicemen" of the Moscow Duchy. Political alliance and unity.The reform of the Russian Empire in the early 18th century made the aristocracy a unified privileged class,but did not establish a political alliance with a unified social consciousness.The intensification of the Czarist dictatorship and the expansion of serfdom delayed the process of Russian modernization.The contradiction development of the aristocracy was a paradox of reform. Concentrated expression.
In the political, social and cultural spheres, Russian feudalism has been lacking in the legalization tradition of Western Europe and the principle of "reciprocity" between feudal subordinates since its emergence. In the mid-18th century, Anna Ivanovna promptly revised Peter I's radical policies, alleviated the aristocratic service obligations, set up aristocratic schools, and treated the aristocratic children. In the late 18th century, Catherine II further improved the principle of appointment in the rank table. The aristocratic Bureau regulated the service of aristocratic officials by means of periodic registration, appraisal, curriculum vitae, roster and census. Emphasis was placed on the principles of length of service, merit and education. It can be seen that the principle of appointment in the rank table organically integrates the ranks of Russian feudal aristocrats and bureaucrats, and the principle of serving aristocrats in Russia is more thorough than that in Prussia. The peasants have always been a dissident force against the government. The nobility has never made waves, occupational, permanent, and independently military service is still the main value orientation of the nobility. Therefore, the 18th century was an era of reconciliation between the Czar government and the nobility. They face the same social crisis.
【学位授予单位】：武汉大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2005
【分类号】：K512.4
【引证文献】
相关期刊论文 前1条
1 朱蕾;;从奴役到解放——浅谈俄国宫廷政变时期贵族地位的转变及其影响[J];文教资料;2010年24期
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1 周静;19世纪中期—20世纪初俄国贵族与地方机构改革[D];苏州科技学院;2011年
2 王美娜;18世纪下半期—19世纪上半期的俄国贵族庄园[D];陕西师范大学;2007年
3 李国权;列宁解决苏俄农民问题之探究[D];内蒙古师范大学;2007年
4 霍玉颖;俄国贵族与革命[D];陕西师范大学;2008年
5 谢慧芳;俄国的缙绅会议[D];陕西师范大学;2008年
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