关于桓武天皇律令制度改革中健儿制的考察
发布时间：2018-08-27 15:17
【摘要】：7世纪末至10世纪初,日本全面效仿唐王朝建立起律令体制。其中军团制作为律令国家最早的地方军制,是对唐朝府兵制的全面模仿,也是律令国家的重要标志之一;后期的国衙军制,被部分学者认为是武士阶层诞生的重要原因。而健儿制作为桓武朝政治中唯一的地方军制改革实为上两者的衔接与拐点,然而不同于上述两项制度的是,目前健儿制的相关研究多为律令军制整体研究中的一环,缺乏系统深入的分析。本文以桓武天皇当政期间实施的健儿制为研究对象,结合史料和现有研究成果,梳理健儿制形成的背景、内容,分析健儿制的特点和性质,考察其在此后长达数百年的实施过程中的变化及带来的结果,明确其影响及历史意义。在此,笔者借用国内府兵制的研究角度,分别从文化所属、兵农关系、募兵阶级及权力归属等四个方面分析健儿制,得出如下结论:(1)桓武天皇时期的健儿制是对藤原仲麻吕时期健儿制的完全继承,是为了加强中央集权,重建律令国家,结合当时的日本政治需要,并学习唐朝团结兵制而建立的一种地方军事制度;(2)为提高军队的质量与实力,设置健儿田,负责健儿上番(轮值)期间的伙食供给,相较于军团制,它将健儿从农业生产中部分解放出来,不再是过去兵农合一的状态;同时免除部分租税(调),以促使健儿专注于训练、上番等军事活动上;(3)为确保政权稳定,健儿的招募对象集中在郡司及有功之臣的子弟当中,将郡司、地方豪族、部分有功之臣等社会中间阶层纳入国家统治阶级;(4)为加强对地方的控制,将负有当地国府守卫及治安警备职责的健儿归由国司统领,国司作为朝廷派遣的地方官,借掌握地方唯一合法的军队——健儿控制地方豪族势力,以确保地方统治秩序的稳定。然而,即便在随后的一百年间,政府亦曾以强化健儿制为目的颁布政令,却由于健儿制人数较少,且不能应对九世纪接连不断的地方乱局,以致于健儿制逐渐为地方临时兵力所取代,并最终丧失掉作为军事制度的地位。同时,虽然健儿制的实施将广大农民从征兵制的负担中解放了出来,也促进了士兵向职业化发展的进程,但是由于健儿制无法适应九世纪的社会变化和需要,从而导致国司在地方临时发兵以镇压乱象,并由此引发地方权力的扩张和孕育了武士阶级的"兵家"的登场,间接加速了律令国家的崩溃。国家政体影响军事制度,军事制度的改革同时影响政治格局的转变与社会发展的进程。通过对健儿制的梳理和分析,有助于还原该制度在历史上的真实形态,进而对日本律令时期地方军制的总体特征、政权的组织形式、社会关系构成以及随后独特的发展历程有更进一步的理解。
[Abstract]:From the end of the 7 th century to the beginning of the 10 th century, Japan emulated the Tang Dynasty to establish a legal system. Among them, the Legion was the earliest local military system of the country, which was an overall imitation of the military system of the Tang Dynasty, and also one of the important symbols of the law country. In the late period, the Guoya military system was considered by some scholars as the important reason for the birth of the samurai class. In Huanwu Dynasty, the only local military system reform in Huanwu Dynasty is actually the link and inflection point between the two. However, unlike the two systems mentioned above, at present, the related studies on the health care system are mostly a part of the overall study on the military system of law and order. Lack of systematic and in-depth analysis. In this paper, the author takes the health system implemented during the reign of the Emperor Huanwu as the research object, combs the background and content of the formation of the system, analyzes the characteristics and nature of the system, combining the historical data and the existing research results. The influence and historical significance of the changes and results in the implementation process of the following hundreds of years are investigated. Here, the author uses the research angle of the military system in China to analyze the system from four aspects: cultural ownership, the relationship between soldiers and farmers, the class of recruiting soldiers and the ownership of power. The conclusions are as follows: (1) Huanwu Emperor's bodybuilding system was a complete inheritance of Fujihara's Zhumaru period, in order to strengthen the centralization of power, to rebuild the state of law and order, and to meet the political needs of Japan at that time. And learn from the local military system established by the unity of soldiers in the Tang Dynasty; (2) in order to improve the quality and strength of the armed forces, they set up a field of children, who were responsible for the provision of food during the period of military service (rotation), compared with the system of legions. It freed the athletes partly from agricultural production and was no longer the former state of military, agricultural and agricultural cooperation; at the same time, it exempted some of the taxes (or transfers) to encourage them to concentrate on training and other military activities; (3) in order to ensure the stability of the regime, The recruitment targets of Jianer are concentrated among the county chiefs and the children of meritorious ministers, and the middle social strata, such as the county chiefs, local dignitaries, and some meritorious ministers, are brought into the national ruling class; (4) in order to strengthen local control, The officers who have the responsibility of guarding and policing the local government are put under the command of the State Department, which, as a local official dispatched by the court, controls the local power by holding the only legitimate local army-the athletes, in order to ensure the stability of the local ruling order. However, even in the next hundred years, the government issued decrees aimed at strengthening the health care system, but because of the relatively small number of healthy children, they were unable to cope with the local chaos of the ninth century. As a result, the fitness system was gradually replaced by local temporary forces, and eventually lost its position as a military system. At the same time, although the implementation of the fitness system freed the peasants from the burden of conscription and promoted the development of soldiers towards professionalism, it was unable to adapt to the social changes and needs of the ninth century. This led to the temporary dispatch of troops to suppress chaos, and the expansion of local power and the emergence of the "soldiers" who gave birth to the samurai class, which indirectly accelerated the collapse of the law and the state. The political system of the country influences the military system, and the reform of the military system also influences the transformation of the political pattern and the process of social development. By combing and analyzing the system, it is helpful to restore the real form of the system in history, and then to analyze the general characteristics of the local military system in the Japanese legal period and the organizational form of the political power. The composition of social relations and the subsequent unique development process have a better understanding.
【学位授予单位】：北京外国语大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：K313.2
本文编号：2207667
[Abstract]:From the end of the 7 th century to the beginning of the 10 th century, Japan emulated the Tang Dynasty to establish a legal system. Among them, the Legion was the earliest local military system of the country, which was an overall imitation of the military system of the Tang Dynasty, and also one of the important symbols of the law country. In the late period, the Guoya military system was considered by some scholars as the important reason for the birth of the samurai class. In Huanwu Dynasty, the only local military system reform in Huanwu Dynasty is actually the link and inflection point between the two. However, unlike the two systems mentioned above, at present, the related studies on the health care system are mostly a part of the overall study on the military system of law and order. Lack of systematic and in-depth analysis. In this paper, the author takes the health system implemented during the reign of the Emperor Huanwu as the research object, combs the background and content of the formation of the system, analyzes the characteristics and nature of the system, combining the historical data and the existing research results. The influence and historical significance of the changes and results in the implementation process of the following hundreds of years are investigated. Here, the author uses the research angle of the military system in China to analyze the system from four aspects: cultural ownership, the relationship between soldiers and farmers, the class of recruiting soldiers and the ownership of power. The conclusions are as follows: (1) Huanwu Emperor's bodybuilding system was a complete inheritance of Fujihara's Zhumaru period, in order to strengthen the centralization of power, to rebuild the state of law and order, and to meet the political needs of Japan at that time. And learn from the local military system established by the unity of soldiers in the Tang Dynasty; (2) in order to improve the quality and strength of the armed forces, they set up a field of children, who were responsible for the provision of food during the period of military service (rotation), compared with the system of legions. It freed the athletes partly from agricultural production and was no longer the former state of military, agricultural and agricultural cooperation; at the same time, it exempted some of the taxes (or transfers) to encourage them to concentrate on training and other military activities; (3) in order to ensure the stability of the regime, The recruitment targets of Jianer are concentrated among the county chiefs and the children of meritorious ministers, and the middle social strata, such as the county chiefs, local dignitaries, and some meritorious ministers, are brought into the national ruling class; (4) in order to strengthen local control, The officers who have the responsibility of guarding and policing the local government are put under the command of the State Department, which, as a local official dispatched by the court, controls the local power by holding the only legitimate local army-the athletes, in order to ensure the stability of the local ruling order. However, even in the next hundred years, the government issued decrees aimed at strengthening the health care system, but because of the relatively small number of healthy children, they were unable to cope with the local chaos of the ninth century. As a result, the fitness system was gradually replaced by local temporary forces, and eventually lost its position as a military system. At the same time, although the implementation of the fitness system freed the peasants from the burden of conscription and promoted the development of soldiers towards professionalism, it was unable to adapt to the social changes and needs of the ninth century. This led to the temporary dispatch of troops to suppress chaos, and the expansion of local power and the emergence of the "soldiers" who gave birth to the samurai class, which indirectly accelerated the collapse of the law and the state. The political system of the country influences the military system, and the reform of the military system also influences the transformation of the political pattern and the process of social development. By combing and analyzing the system, it is helpful to restore the real form of the system in history, and then to analyze the general characteristics of the local military system in the Japanese legal period and the organizational form of the political power. The composition of social relations and the subsequent unique development process have a better understanding.
【学位授予单位】：北京外国语大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：K313.2
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