“建国时期”美国的军事改革和建设

发布时间：2018-08-28 16:29

【摘要】：1783年——1812年,即自美国独立战争胜利到第二次美英战争爆发之间的近30年时间,被史学界称为美国的“建国时期”。在这一段时期里,摆脱英国殖民统治刚刚起步的年轻美国面临着前所未有的困难与挑战,为了应对纷繁复杂的国际、国内矛盾和一波未平一波又起的国内外危机,巩固独立战争的胜利果实,让美国尽快走出危机和困境,在乔治·华盛顿、托马斯·杰斐逊、亚历山大·汉密尔顿等美国早期领导人的思想指引和直接推动下,美国立足现实、着眼未来,进行了一次卓有成效的军事改革和军事建设。这个时期的军事改革和建设在美国军事发展史上具有无可比拟的重要地位,它奠定了美国迅速发展成世界有史以来最强大的军事强国的基石。改革和建设取得的成果极大地增强了美国的军事力量,大幅提升了美国国防威慑力和捍卫国家安全、维护社会稳定、保障国民经济发展的能力,让美国成功度过了建国初期的危机考验,进而为美国的发展壮大创造了宽松的国际环境和广阔的发展空间。长期以来,国内外的专家学者对美国军事研究的著述颇丰,但主要关注于“强大后的美国军事”,对于早期的美国特别是“建国时期”的美国军事研究不多。因此,本文试图对这一时期美国军事改革和建设进行较为全面的论述,探究美国军事崛起的源头和早期成长之路,为我国军队和国防现代化建设,寻找到一些有益的启示和借鉴。本文第一部分主要阐述美国“建国时期”军事改革的背景。从早期美国的传统军事思想、建国初期严峻的国内、国际形势入手进行分析,揭示建国时期进行军事改革和建设的主、客观因素,以及改革的必要性和迫切性。第二部分重点论述指导和推动美国军事改革和建设的重要思想。乔治·华盛顿、亚历山大·汉密尔顿、托马斯·杰斐逊是美国历史上,影响和推动美国军事改革和建设最关键的三位领导人物,美国后期军事建设和发展在很大程度上都在实践着他们的思想。本部分全面总结和分析他们的主要军事思想,从中展示推动美国军事发展的思想体系。第三部分着重表述美国军事改革和建设取得的成果。概括起来主要取得了五个方面的成果,一是以宪法的形式确立了美国军事制度的架构；二是建立起“可扩大”的正规陆军；三是海军得以重建,并建立起一支具有相当规模的常备海军；四是民兵制度得到进一步完善,成为正规军的稳固后备力量；五是奠定了美国军事教育的基础。第四部分从两个方面对这一阶段的军事改革和建设进行总体评价,一是总结论述军事改革和建设对美国成长和发展的重要意义和深远影响；二是分析总结军事改革存在的问题和不足之处,并对造成这些问题的深层次原因进行分析。
[Abstract]:From 1783 to 1812, between the victory of the American Revolution and the outbreak of the second Anglo-American War, it was called "the founding period" by the historians. During this period, the young United States, which is emerging from British colonial rule, is facing unprecedented difficulties and challenges. In order to cope with the numerous and complicated international, domestic contradictions and waves of domestic and foreign crises, To consolidate the fruits of the victory of the War of Independence and to get the United States out of crisis and predicament as soon as possible, under the ideological guidance and direct push of the early American leaders, such as George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Alexander Hamilton, etc., the United States established itself in reality. Looking at the future, we carried out a fruitful military reform and military construction. The military reform and construction in this period played an unparalleled important role in the history of American military development, which laid the foundation for the rapid development of the United States into the most powerful military power in the history of the world. The achievements of the reform and construction have greatly enhanced the US military strength, greatly enhanced the US defense deterrence and the ability to safeguard national security, maintain social stability, and safeguard the development of the national economy. The United States successfully passed the crisis test in the early days of the founding of the country, thus creating a relaxed international environment and broad development space for the development of the United States. For a long time, experts and scholars at home and abroad have written a lot on American military research, but they mainly focus on the "American military after the Great", but not much on the early United States, especially in the period of "the founding of the people's Republic of China". Therefore, this article attempts to carry on the relatively comprehensive elaboration to the American military reform and the construction in this period, explores the American military rise the source and the early growth road, for our country military and the national defense modernization construction, To find some useful inspiration and reference. The first part of this paper mainly expounds the background of the military reform in the period of the founding of the people's Republic of America. By analyzing the traditional military thought of the early United States, the grim domestic and international situation in the early days of the founding of the people's Republic of China, this paper reveals the subjective and objective factors of the military reform and construction in the period of the founding of the people's Republic of China, as well as the necessity and urgency of the reform. The second part focuses on guiding and promoting American military reform and construction. George Washington, Alexander Hamilton, Thomas Jefferson are the three most critical leaders in American history who influence and advance American military reform and construction. In the late American military construction and development, to a large extent, they were practicing their ideas. In this part, their main military thoughts are summarized and analyzed. The third part focuses on the achievements of US military reform and construction. To sum up, five major achievements have been made: first, the establishment of the framework of the US military system in the form of a constitution; second, the establishment of a "scalable" regular army; and third, the reconstruction of the navy. A standing navy with a considerable scale was established; fourth, the militia system was further improved to become a solid reserve force for the regular army; and fifth, the foundation of American military education was laid. The fourth part makes a general evaluation of the military reform and construction in this stage from two aspects. First, it summarizes and discusses the significance and far-reaching influence of the military reform and construction on the growth and development of the United States. The second is to analyze and summarize the problems and shortcomings of military reform, and analyze the causes of these problems.
【学位授予单位】：山东师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：K712.4

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