商人资本国际流动与近代西欧社会经济转型
发布时间：2018-09-03 17:12
【摘要】：西欧近代转型时期商人资本的地位和作用,倍受史学界关注。商人资本在海外流动,对所谓的“现代世界体系”产生了重要影响,史学界在这方面的研究也比较充分。而此时商人资本在西欧范围内所曾有过的大规模国际流动,学术界却很少予以专门的关注。本文力图将16至18世纪社会转型时期西欧商人资本的这种国际流动作为一种长时性的现象,进行整体性的研究,探讨商人资本在西欧范围内流动的原因,流动的过程,流动对西欧社会经济发展所产生的影响,以此来加深对西欧向近代社会转型问题的认识。 除“导言"阐述选题由来、研究现状,对商人资本概念的理解,以及本文的主要任务,“结语”对全文作出总结外,正文由三大部分组成,共分七章。 前两章主要分析商人资本在西欧范围内大规模国际流动的主客观原因。 第一章“商人资本国际流动的社会经济背景”,主要探讨促使商人资本流动的各种客观因素。在西欧封建制度解体,资本主义生产关系产生及成长的过程中,商人资本主义获得了良好的发展环境,如王权对它的支持,实行重商主义政策,在国内外保护商人资本主义的利益。但也存在着制约商人资本主义发展的不利因素,特别是中世纪晚期西欧出现的“贵金属荒”,即金银货币短缺,其供应量远远小于需求量。由于经济发展的不平衡,西欧新兴的民族国家常常是财力不济,而意大利和南德意志等发达地区却出现了商人资本的相对过剩,于是,前者便有必要也有可能经常性地向后者借贷,从而形成了促使资本流动的国际需求。 第二章“商人资本趋向国际流动的主动因素”,着重探析商人资本趋向国际流动的主观因素,认为有三:一、商人资本的特性就是为了获取利润,赚取更多的金银货币,而在货币中心市场就能比较容易达到这样的目的,因此不同时期的货币中心市场对商人资本具有强大的吸引力。二、以追逐利润为目的的商人资本,哪里有最大赢利的可能,哪怕是要改变自身的原有职能,它也会奔向哪里,在那里掀起投机狂潮,尤其是那些大商人资本。三、能量有限的中小商人资本,对利润的期望值也比大商人资本要小,因此只要有利润的地方,它们都会去争取。在大商人资本热衷于金融投机后留下的商业空间,新兴的中小商人资本就会主动去填补,例如16世纪后期的地中海依然是商业利润较高的地区,因而便有大批的
[Abstract]:The position and function of merchant capital in the modern transition period of Western Europe have attracted much attention in the field of history. The flow of merchant capital abroad has had an important impact on the so-called "modern world system", and there has been more research in this field in the field of history. However, the academic circles seldom paid special attention to the large-scale international flow of merchant capital in Western Europe. This paper tries to take the international flow of merchant capital of Western Europe in the social transition period from 16 to 18 centuries as a long-term phenomenon, and to study the reasons and the process of the flow of merchant capital in Western Europe. The influence of the flow on the social and economic development of Western Europe, in order to deepen the understanding of the transition from Western Europe to modern society. In addition to the introduction to explain the origin of the topic, the status quo of the study, understanding of the concept of merchant capital, as well as the main task of this article, "conclusion" to summarize the full text, the text is composed of three parts, a total of seven chapters. The first two chapters mainly analyze the subjective and objective reasons of the large-scale international flow of merchant capital in Western Europe. The first chapter, "the social and economic background of merchant capital international flow", mainly discusses various objective factors that promote merchant capital flow. In the course of the disintegration of feudal system in Western Europe and the emergence and growth of capitalist relations of production, merchant capitalism gained a favorable development environment, such as Wang Quan's support for it and the implementation of a mercantilist policy. Protect the interests of merchant capitalism at home and abroad. However, there are also some unfavorable factors restricting the development of merchant capitalism, especially the "precious metal shortage" in Western Europe in the late Middle Ages, that is, the shortage of gold and silver currency, the supply of which is far less than the demand. Because of the imbalance in economic development, the emerging nation-states in Western Europe often have poor financial resources, while developed regions such as Italy and South Germany have seen a relative surplus of merchant capital. The former are necessary and likely to borrow from the latter on a regular basis, creating international demand for capital flows. The second chapter, "the active factors of merchant capital moving towards international flow", focuses on the subjective factors of merchant capital moving towards international flow, and thinks that there are three aspects: first, the characteristic of merchant capital is to gain profits and earn more gold and silver currency. It is easy to achieve this goal in the money center market, so the money center market has a strong attraction to the merchant capital in different periods. Second, where the merchant capital for the purpose of chasing profits is the most likely to make profit, even if it wants to change its original function, it will also rush to where it will set off a speculative frenzy there, especially those large businessmen 'capital. Third, small and medium-sized businessmen with limited energy have lower expectations of profits than those of large businessmen, so wherever there is profit, they will strive for it. In the business space left by large merchant capital keen on financial speculation, the emerging small and medium merchant capital will take the initiative to fill in. For example, in the late 16th century, the Mediterranean is still a high commercial profit area, thus there are a large number of
【学位授予单位】：武汉大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2005
【分类号】：K560.3
本文编号：2220639
[Abstract]:The position and function of merchant capital in the modern transition period of Western Europe have attracted much attention in the field of history. The flow of merchant capital abroad has had an important impact on the so-called "modern world system", and there has been more research in this field in the field of history. However, the academic circles seldom paid special attention to the large-scale international flow of merchant capital in Western Europe. This paper tries to take the international flow of merchant capital of Western Europe in the social transition period from 16 to 18 centuries as a long-term phenomenon, and to study the reasons and the process of the flow of merchant capital in Western Europe. The influence of the flow on the social and economic development of Western Europe, in order to deepen the understanding of the transition from Western Europe to modern society. In addition to the introduction to explain the origin of the topic, the status quo of the study, understanding of the concept of merchant capital, as well as the main task of this article, "conclusion" to summarize the full text, the text is composed of three parts, a total of seven chapters. The first two chapters mainly analyze the subjective and objective reasons of the large-scale international flow of merchant capital in Western Europe. The first chapter, "the social and economic background of merchant capital international flow", mainly discusses various objective factors that promote merchant capital flow. In the course of the disintegration of feudal system in Western Europe and the emergence and growth of capitalist relations of production, merchant capitalism gained a favorable development environment, such as Wang Quan's support for it and the implementation of a mercantilist policy. Protect the interests of merchant capitalism at home and abroad. However, there are also some unfavorable factors restricting the development of merchant capitalism, especially the "precious metal shortage" in Western Europe in the late Middle Ages, that is, the shortage of gold and silver currency, the supply of which is far less than the demand. Because of the imbalance in economic development, the emerging nation-states in Western Europe often have poor financial resources, while developed regions such as Italy and South Germany have seen a relative surplus of merchant capital. The former are necessary and likely to borrow from the latter on a regular basis, creating international demand for capital flows. The second chapter, "the active factors of merchant capital moving towards international flow", focuses on the subjective factors of merchant capital moving towards international flow, and thinks that there are three aspects: first, the characteristic of merchant capital is to gain profits and earn more gold and silver currency. It is easy to achieve this goal in the money center market, so the money center market has a strong attraction to the merchant capital in different periods. Second, where the merchant capital for the purpose of chasing profits is the most likely to make profit, even if it wants to change its original function, it will also rush to where it will set off a speculative frenzy there, especially those large businessmen 'capital. Third, small and medium-sized businessmen with limited energy have lower expectations of profits than those of large businessmen, so wherever there is profit, they will strive for it. In the business space left by large merchant capital keen on financial speculation, the emerging small and medium merchant capital will take the initiative to fill in. For example, in the late 16th century, the Mediterranean is still a high commercial profit area, thus there are a large number of
【学位授予单位】：武汉大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2005
【分类号】：K560.3
【引证文献】
相关博士学位论文 前1条
1 王军;16-18世纪英国特许公司研究[D];东北师范大学;2011年
相关硕士学位论文 前2条
1 宋家臣;意大利商人与英国[D];天津师范大学;2007年
2 郭丽敏;转型时期英国商人社会地位研究[D];哈尔滨师范大学;2012年
，本文编号：2220639
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