1932～1933年乌克兰大饥荒研究

发布时间：2018-09-06 13:12

【摘要】：饥荒是人类悲剧的三大根源之一,是人类社会发展过程中一个极度不和谐的音符。作为苏联时代的三次饥荒之一,1932～1933年的大饥荒尤为值得关注。这不仅是因为苏联政府长期隐瞒饥荒的真相,还因为号称“欧洲粮仓”的乌克兰也是受害最严重的地区之一。乌克兰大饥荒是苏联历史上一个无法回避的沉重话题。我国目前对此课题的研究还比较薄弱。本文多方收集资料,详细回顾了这场大饥荒发生、发展和消退的全过程,分析、探讨了饥荒发生的主要原因及其后果和影响,并对近年来有关各方在饥荒性质和死亡人数这两个焦点问题上的争论提出了自己的看法。苏联实施的国家工业化战略是乌克兰大饥荒发生的宏观背景。在这一背景下考察饥荒的原因,可以得出三点:一是自然灾害、农业全盘集体化和消灭富农等因素导致1931～1932年乌克兰连续两年粮食歉收,这是饥荒发生的诱因。二是农民为工业化付出了巨大的代价,政府从农民手里拿走过多的粮食,忽视农民的生存和发展权,为适应工业化战略而建立的计划经济体制排斥市场的作用。三是为了确保工业化的顺利进行,苏联政府对饥荒反应消极,封锁消息、救济工作滞后是其严重过失。这一历史性悲剧造成乌克兰人口大量损失,人口构成发生很大改变,社会结构也出现重大变化,特别是在乌克兰争取独立及努力融入西方社会的过程中,坚持把饥荒作为抨击斯大林政权的有力武器,严重影响了当今乌俄两国的关系,导致两个民族之间的裂痕加深。关于饥荒死亡人数,争论各方分歧极大。比较符合历史事实的说法是乌克兰在大饥荒中损失400万～500万人口。关于饥荒性质,则无论从饥荒发生地域和受害对象,或是从饥荒发生后苏联政府采取的赈灾措施等方面看,所谓“种族灭绝”说是缺乏依据的。这次饥荒为社会主义国家的经济建设和社会发展提供了深刻的教训。
[Abstract]:Famine is one of the three root causes of human tragedy and an extremely disharmonious note in the development of human society. As one of the three famines in the Soviet era, the Great Famine from 1932 to 1933 was of particular concern. This is not only because the Soviet government has long concealed the truth about famine, but also because Ukraine, known as the "European granary," is one of the hardest hit. The famine in Ukraine is a heavy topic in Soviet history. At present, the research on this subject is relatively weak in our country. This paper reviews the whole process of the occurrence, development and decline of the famine in detail, and discusses the main causes, consequences and effects of the famine. The author also puts forward his own views on the two focal issues of famine nature and death toll in recent years. The national industrialization strategy implemented by the Soviet Union is the macro background of the great famine in Ukraine. Under this background, the causes of famine can be concluded as follows: first, natural disasters, agricultural collectivization and elimination of rich peasants led to grain failure in Ukraine for two consecutive years from 1931 to 1932, which was the cause of famine. Second, farmers have paid a huge price for industrialization. The government has taken more grain from farmers' hands, ignored the peasants' survival and development rights, and excluded the market from the planned economic system set up to adapt to the industrialization strategy. Third, in order to ensure the smooth progress of industrialization, the Soviet government responded passively to famine, blocked the news, and delayed relief work is its serious fault. This historic tragedy has resulted in a great loss of population, great changes in the demographic composition and significant changes in the social fabric of Ukraine, especially in the process of Ukraine's struggle for independence and its integration into Western society, Insisting on famine as a powerful weapon for criticizing Stalin's regime has seriously affected the relations between Ukraine and Russia, which has led to the deepening of the rift between the two peoples. There is great disagreement over the death toll from famine. A more historical statement is that Ukraine lost 4 million to 5 million people during the Great Famine. With regard to the nature of the famine, the so-called "genocide" theory is lacking in terms of its occurrence region and victims, as well as the relief measures taken by the Soviet government after the famine. The famine provided a profound lesson for the economic construction and social development of socialist countries.
【学位授予单位】：苏州科技学院
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2009
【分类号】：K512.53

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