俄国募兵制研究

发布时间：2018-09-12 20:32

【摘要】： 长期以来,我国学者对俄国史的研究基本上都侧重于政治、经济和文化等领域,而对于俄国军事史,尤其是俄国募兵制,却几乎一直无人问津。基于此,本文试图对俄国募兵制的发展历程进行探索,弄清俄国募兵制改革的来龙去脉,剖析募兵制下俄国军队的生存发展状况,最后对俄国募兵制的作用和影响进行评价。本文的基本观点是：募兵制在俄国军事史中占有非常重要的地位。募兵制萌芽于17世纪彼得一世时期,终结于1874年米留京的义务兵役制改革,前后经历了一百七十余年,对近代俄国的政治、军事、外交产生了极为重大的影响。尽管募兵制也存在着逃兵问题,士兵训练不足,战场上士兵伤亡过大等诸多不足,但是它促成了俄国军队从半正规军向正规军的转变,为俄国建立了一支强大的正规陆军和海军,对内巩固了罗曼诺夫王朝的统治,加强了沙皇的王权；对外扩大了俄国的疆域,增强了俄国的国际影响力,使俄国跻身欧洲强国之列。可以说,没有募兵制的实行,就没有这一时期俄国军事上的强大,也不会有这一时期俄国历史的辉煌。本文从“募兵”的概念入手,梳理了俄国募兵制从产生、发展直至消亡的全过程,并对募兵制的实施过程和募兵制下俄国军队的生存发展状况进行了重点分析,最后对俄国募兵制进行了客观的评价。全文共分为五个部分：第一部分,俄国募兵制的起源。首先对“募兵”这一概念进行了剖析,然后简单地回顾了募兵制出现之前,俄国兵役制度的发展演变历程。第二部分,俄国募兵制的发展历程。主要阐述了俄国募兵制从产生、发展、繁荣直至消亡的整个发展历程。第三部分,募兵制的实施。本部分系统地阐述了募兵制实施过程中的一系列政策和工作流程,主要包括四个方面,即募兵领导部门、募兵政策、新兵的挑选、新兵的护送。第四部分,募兵制下的俄国军队。本部分主要阐述了募兵制下俄国军队的生存发展状况,并进行小结。小结部分指出：虽然募兵制下俄国军队的生存发展状况很不好,但募兵制还是应当得到肯定的,因为它推动了俄国军事的现代化。。第五部分,募兵制对俄国的影响。通过分析18-19世纪中后期俄国募兵制发展的积极和消极影响,提出了自己的基本观点,论述了募兵制的历史地位。本文的创新之处在于：在国内首次系统地论述了俄国募兵制从产生、发展直至消亡的全过程,并着重详细论述了募兵制的实施过程和募兵制下俄国军队的生存发展状况以及对俄国的影响,从而突出说明了俄国募兵制的作用和历史地位。
[Abstract]:For a long time, the study of Russian history has focused on the fields of politics, economy and culture, but the Russian military history, especially the Russian recruitment system, has been almost ignored. Based on this, this paper attempts to explore the development of the Russian recruitment system, clarify the background of the Russian recruitment system reform, analyze the survival and development of the Russian army under the recruitment system, and finally evaluate the role and impact of the Russian recruitment system. The basic point of this paper is that recruitment plays a very important role in Russian military history. The enlistment system originated in the Peter I period in the 17th century and ended in the reform of compulsory military service in Miliujing in 1874. After more than 170 years, it had a great influence on the politics, military affairs and diplomacy of modern Russia. Although the recruitment system also had problems of desertion, inadequate training of soldiers, excessive casualties of soldiers on the battlefield, and so on, it contributed to the transformation of the Russian army from a semi-regular to a regular army. It established a strong regular army and navy for Russia, consolidated the rule of Romanov dynasty internally, strengthened Wang Quan of the tsar, expanded Russia's territory and strengthened Russia's international influence. Put Russia among the great powers of Europe. It can be said that without the introduction of the recruitment system, there would not have been the military might of this period, nor the splendor of the Russian history of this period. This paper begins with the concept of "recruitment", combs the whole process of Russian recruitment system from its emergence, development to extinction, and analyzes emphatically the implementation process of the recruitment system and the survival and development of the Russian army under the recruitment system. Finally, the Russian recruitment system is objectively evaluated. This paper is divided into five parts: the first part, the origin of Russian recruitment system. First, the concept of "recruitment" is analyzed, and then the evolution of Russian military service system before the emergence of recruitment system is briefly reviewed. The second part, the development of Russian recruitment system. This paper mainly expounds the whole development course of Russian recruitment system from its emergence, development, prosperity to extinction. The third part, the implementation of the recruitment system. This part systematically describes a series of policies and work flow in the implementation of the recruitment system, mainly including four aspects, namely, recruitment leadership, recruitment policy, the selection of recruits, and the escort of recruits. The fourth part, the Russian army under the recruitment system. This part mainly expounds the survival and development of the Russian army under the recruitment system, and summarizes it. The summary points out: although the survival and development of the Russian army under the recruitment system is very poor, the recruitment system should be affirmed, because it promotes the modernization of the Russian military. The fifth part is about the influence of recruitment system on Russia. Based on the analysis of the positive and negative effects of the development of the recruitment system in Russia in the middle and late 19th century, the author puts forward his own basic viewpoints and discusses the historical position of the recruitment system. The innovation of this paper lies in: for the first time in China, it systematically discusses the whole process of Russian recruitment system from its emergence, development to extinction. The implementation process of the recruitment system and the survival and development of the Russian army under the recruitment system as well as its influence on Russia are discussed in detail, thus highlighting the role and historical position of the Russian recruitment system.
【学位授予单位】：陕西师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：K512.25

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