奇卢巴执政时期赞比亚经济改革政策研究

发布时间：2018-10-04 22:34

【摘要】：1991年10月31日,奇卢巴领导的“多党民主运动”在选举中击败执政27年的(1964-1991)“联合民族独立党”,其本人也接替卡翁达成为赞比亚历史上的第二任总统。奇卢巴政府上台以后,根据国际货币基金组织等国际金融机构的“建议”,对赞比亚的国民经济进行了以“新自由主义经济思想”为指导的经济自由化改革。奇卢巴政府的经济自由化改革可大致根据其任期分为两个阶段,在第一任期内(1991-1996)为了稳定宏观经济,奇卢巴政府放开了对汇率和银行利率的管制；改革税制,调低对内税收和对外关税的税率,并用增值税取代了销售税；采用现金预算制度,严格财政预算纪律。在农业领域,奇卢巴政府取消了对玉米和化肥的补贴。同时对正式部门进行改革,大幅裁减政府职员,并对除矿产业外的国有企业进行了大规模私有化改革。到了第二任期时(1996-2001),奇卢巴政府的经济自由化政策进行了较大幅度的调整。政府放宽了对现金预算制度的实施要求；实施临时性征税方案,调高了国内税率；再次加强了对农业市场的干预；暂停了政府职员的裁减计划；“赞比亚联合铜矿公司”的私有化改革也未得到及时的执行。就自由化经济政策实施情况来看,奇卢巴政府第一任期内的实施情况要好于第二任期,尤其在最初几年。这一时期改革的目的也是为了转变经济体制,推动经济发展。然而到了第二任期时,政府却对改革政策进行了较大的调整。许多政策的实施被暂停,尤其是在最后的几年时间里,奇卢巴政府经济自由化改革的目的转变成了获取国际社会的援助。在奇卢巴两届任期内,尽管有些政策的实施出现过波折,有些政策的实施过程也极为拖沓,但整体看来,奇卢巴政府对赞比亚的国民经济仍进行了较为彻底的自由化改革,且这些经济政策都没有再发生大的逆转。自由汇率、自由贸易、税制改革、私有化改革等自由经济政策都得到了落实。从经济发展的实际效果来看,赞比亚的经济自由化改革却是失败的。赞比亚的各项经济指标在这十年时间里均出现了大幅下滑。人均国民生产总值大幅下降,外债总额却继续上升。铜矿产量和人均粮食拥有量也均低于奇卢巴政府上台之时。2001年10月,赞比亚财政部长在《减贫战略报告》中不得不承认,“赞比亚的经济自由化改革加重了国家的贫困程度”。同年12月,世界银行和国际货币基金组织认定赞比亚为“重债穷国”,而联合国开发计划署的2001年度《人类发展报告》也将赞比亚列为世界上唯一一个人类发展指数低于其1975年水平的国家。 1991年举行的多党制选举曾被西方树立为非洲以和平方式从一党制过渡到多党制的“样板”,并对这一“样板”的经济改革提供了大量的援助和建议。然而,“集权政治”下未能解决的经济问题,在“民主政治”时期同样没能得到解决。笔者通过对奇卢巴两届政府时期内的经济改革政策分析,总结了撒哈拉以南非洲国家在经济发展方面的一些经验教训。
[Abstract]:Led by Chiluba on 31 October 1991 "Multi-Party Talks" Defeat ruling 27 years in the election (1964-1991)" Joint National Independence Party "He also took over Kaunda as President of Zambia's history. International financial institutions, such as the International Monetary Fund, after the arrival of the Government of Chiluba" Recommendations" and the national economy of Zambia has been carried out to New Liberalism Economic Thought To guide economic liberalization reforms. The economic liberalization reform of the Government of Chiluba can be divided into two stages roughly according to its term of office. During the first term (1991-1996), in order to stabilize the macro-economy, the Government liberalized the control of exchange rate and bank interest rate; reformed the tax system to lower internal taxes and foreign tariff The tax rate, which replaces the sales tax with the value-added tax, adopts the cash budget system and the strict budget Discipline. In the field of agriculture, the Chiluba government has eliminated corn and fertilizer. Subsidies. At the same time, reform of the formal sector, substantial reduction of government staff, and large-scale privatisation of state-owned enterprises other than the mine industry Reform. During the second term of office (1996-2001), the economic liberalization policy of the Government of Chiluba has been considerably reduced Adjustment. The Government has relaxed its implementation requirements for the cash budget system; the implementation of the provisional tax scheme; the adjustment of the domestic tax rate; the re-strengthening of the intervention in the agricultural market; and the suspension of the reduction of government staff Plan; Zambia Joint Copper Mine The reform of the privatisation of the company has not been timely Implementation. In the context of the implementation of liberalized economic policies, the implementation of the first term of the Government of the Chiluba Government should be better than the second term of office, in particular During the first few years, the purpose of the reform was to transform the economic system and push forward However, in the second term, the government has carried out reform policies Major adjustments. The implementation of many policies has been suspended, especially in the last few years, with the aim of the economic liberalization reform of the Chiluba Government transformed into access to international Social assistance. During the two terms of Chiluba, although some of the policies had been implemented as a result of the wave, some of the policy implementation process was extremely protracted, but as a whole, the Government of the Chiluba Government had made a thorough study of Zambia's national economy Liberalization reforms, and none of these economic policies Free economic policies such as free exchange rate, free trade, tax reform, privatization reform, etc. It has been implemented. From the practical effect of economic development, Zambia's economic freedom The reform of Zambia has failed. The economic indicators of Zambia are in this decade There has been a sharp drop in gross domestic product per capita, outside The total debt has continued to rise. Copper output and per capita grain ownership are also lower than those of the Chiluba government. In October 2001, the Minister of Finance of Zambia wrote the Poverty Reduction Strategy. We have to admit that "Zambia's economic liberalization has increased." Here's it. Poverty in the country ". In December the same year, the World Bank and the International Monetary Base Gold Organization affirmed the praise Biya is" heavily indebted poor countries", while the United Nations Development Programme's 2001 Annual Report on Human Development has also listed Zambia as the world's only human development index below its 19 A 75-year-old country. The multi-party elections held in 1991 were set up by the West as Africa and squared from one party to one party transition to multiple party system Template" and economic reform of this" template "provide a great deal of aid and Recommendation. However," authoritarian politics" unresolvable Economic problems, in "democratic politics" By analyzing the policy of economic reform during the two periods of government in Chiluba, the author sums up the economy of sub-Saharan African countries.
【学位授予单位】：浙江师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：K473.6

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