试论19世纪30年代英国济贫院改革

发布时间：2018-10-09 20:53

【摘要】：济贫院大约在17世纪初作为社会救济的补充形式出现,主要是向生活难以为续的贫民提供食宿。在院外救济盛行的情况下,济贫院救济在19世纪之前处于辅助和不普及的地位,对于贫民救济没有产生多大的影响。但是,济贫院在当时还是救助了一些生活没有依靠的贫民,由此得到“穷人的宫殿”的美称。19世纪30年代的一场改革却使济贫院的好名声毁于一旦,成为“穷人的巴士底狱”。对改革后的济贫院的残酷许多人都有过深刻的揭露,但这场济贫院改革却没有得到太多人的关注。本文从体制和实施的角度深入剖析济贫院改革产生的原因及其初期的实施情况,从体制和时代局限上寻求改革失败的原因,以期填补这一领域的空白。文章分为四个部分：《新济贫法》下的济贫院改革、济贫院改革的历史背景、济贫院改革的实施、济贫院改革的评析。首先,通过对旧济贫体系的弊端及当时的历史背景的分析,探讨济贫院改革的原因及其目标。然后综合论述济贫院改革的过程及出现的问题,对济贫院改革的实施进行深入探讨,从而揭示济贫院改革失败的内在因素。最后,对19世纪30年代的济贫院改革进行评析,对其成果和经验教训,以及历史影响做出总结。济贫院改革是英国济贫史的重大转折,它废除了户外救济,实行统一的济贫院救济,使济贫院承担起医院、学校、感化院、监狱、庇护所、工厂的职责。但恰恰是如此全面的救济功能,弱化了济贫院作为老弱者栖身之所的属性。过分强调“威慑”更使济贫院沦为贫民畏之如虎的“巴士底狱”。定位的错误和体制自身的矛盾使济贫法改革困难重重,最终导致了济贫院退出历史舞台。尽管济贫院改革没有取得既定的目标,但它所进行的以机构中心的救济模式探索,使社会救济机构获发展和完善起来,为英国福利国家的社会保障模式的组织提供了最为宝贵的经验,对于济贫院改革的研究也能够为中国社会保障制度的发展和完善提供切实的经验借鉴。
[Abstract]:The poorhouse appeared as a supplementary form of social relief around the beginning of the 17 th century, mainly to provide food and accommodation for the poor. In the case of the prevalence of the out-of-hospital relief, the relief of the workhouse was in the position of assistance and lack of popularization before the 19th century, and had little influence on the relief of the poor. However, the workhouse at that time still saved some poor people who had no livelihood, and thus gained the reputation of "the palace of the poor". A reform in the 1830s destroyed the good reputation of the poorhouse and became the "Bastille of the poor". The cruelty of the reformed workhouse has been deeply exposed by many people, but not much attention has been paid to it. This paper analyzes the causes of the reform of the workhouse and its initial implementation from the point of view of system and implementation, and explores the reasons for the failure of the reform from the point of view of the system and the limitations of the times, with a view to filling up the blank in this field. The article is divided into four parts: the reform of the poorhouse under the New Law of the Poor, the historical background of the reform of the poorhouse, the implementation of the reform of the poorhouse, and the analysis of the reform of the poorhouse. Firstly, through the analysis of the malpractice of the old poverty relief system and the historical background at that time, the causes and objectives of the reform of the poor hospital are discussed. Then it comprehensively discusses the process and problems of the reform of the poor hospitals, and probes into the implementation of the reform of the poor hospitals, thus revealing the internal factors of the failure of the reform of the poor hospitals. Finally, the article analyzes the reform of the workhouse in 1830 s, summarizes its achievements, experiences and lessons, and its historical influence. The reform of the poorhouse was a major turning point in the history of the British poor. It abolished the outdoor relief, implemented the unified relief of the poorhouse, and made the workhouse assume the responsibility of hospital, school, penitentiary, prison, shelter and factory. But it is such a comprehensive relief function that weakens the property of the workhouse as a shelter for the aged and the weak. Too much emphasis on "deterrence" has reduced the poorhouses to the cowardly Bastille of the poor. The errors of positioning and the contradictions of the system itself made it difficult to reform the law of poverty relief, which eventually led to the withdrawal of the poorhouse from the historical stage. Although the reform of the workhouse did not achieve the established goal, its exploration of the model of agency centered relief made the social relief organization develop and perfect. It provides the most valuable experience for the organization of the social security model of the welfare state in Britain. The research on the reform of the workhouse can also provide practical experience for the development and improvement of the social security system in China.
【学位授予单位】：浙江师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：K561.43

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