约翰逊政府的东西方贸易管制政策
发布时间：2018-10-14 20:42
【摘要】： 第二次世界大战结束后,美国政府及其西方盟国开始对所有社会主义国家实行贸易禁运。在杜鲁门、艾森豪威尔任职期间,都是以强硬政策为主。自肯尼迪时期开始,美国政府内部出现了关于松动对东西方贸易管制的主张和意向。这一点被约翰逊政府继承下来,并在某些方面有所发展。 20世纪60年代中后期,由于国际社会风云变化较以前更为激烈复杂,美国又被越来越深的拖入越战泥潭不能自拔,在对社会主义国家的贸易管制问题上,约翰逊政府受到的制约因素也较以前多。美国政府不得不更多的考虑,如何缓和与苏联的关系。其盟国和政府内部主张缓和对社会主义国家贸易管制的呼声也越来越高。“搭桥政策”即是在这种背景下提出的。但美国会中的反对派百般阻挠,他们憎恨东西方贸易的扩大,反对技术出口。 1968年,苏联入侵捷克斯洛伐克后,约翰逊政府想通过立法缓和东西方贸易管制的愿望夭折。但约翰逊政府在扩大与苏联集团国贸易的问题上,也做了一些实质性的调整,并取得了一些成就。为其后任尼克松政府成功调整美国的对外战略奠定了基础。 虽然约翰逊政府放宽了对苏联集团国的贸易管制,但对当时的大陆中国,仍以延续艾森豪威尔政府时期的“中国差别”政策为主。肯尼迪总统曾考虑在第二任内重新审议对华政策,但约翰逊上任后,由于越战原因,转变对华政策并没有正式提上日程。约翰逊政府只在改善中美关系方面采取过一些试探性的措施,其东西方贸易管制政策的基本取向是拉拢苏联、东欧,孤立中国、北越、北朝鲜和古巴。 尽管美国对苏联、中国等社会主义阵营国实施的贸易管制政策是为了“国家安全保障的需要”。但是,美国实行出口管制近50年的历史表明,该政策并没有成功的实现既促进国家安全和外交繁荣,又促进经济繁荣的目标,却阻碍了美国的出口,给美国国内经济造成巨大损失。这一政策也使美国与其西方盟国的关系进一步恶化。
[Abstract]:After the end of World War II, the United States and its Western allies imposed a trade embargo on all socialist countries. In Truman, Eisenhower's tenure was dominated by tough policies. Since the Kennedy period, the idea and intention of loosening the East-West trade control appeared in the American government. This was inherited by the Johnson administration and developed in some ways. In the mid and late 1960s, as the international community changed more violently than before, The United States has been dragged deeper and deeper into the Vietnam War, and the Johnson administration has been subjected to more restrictive factors than before on the issue of trade control in socialist countries. The US government had to think more about how to ease relations with the Soviet Union. Its allies and governments are increasingly clamoring for easing trade controls on socialist countries. The bridging policy was put forward against this background. But the opposition in the United States would block it in every way. They hated the expansion of trade between East and West and opposed the export of technology. In 1968, after the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia, The Johnson administration's desire to pass legislation to ease trade controls between East and West died. But the Johnson administration also made some substantial adjustments and made some achievements in expanding trade with the Soviet bloc. It laid the foundation for the successful adjustment of American foreign strategy under the Nixon administration. Although the Johnson administration relaxed trade controls on the Soviet bloc countries, the mainland China at that time was still continuing the "China difference" policy of the Eisenhower Administration. President Kennedy had considered reconsidering China policy during his second term, but since Johnson took office, the change in China policy has not been formally put on the agenda because of the Vietnam War. The Johnson administration has only taken some tentative measures to improve relations between China and the United States. Its East-West trade control policy is basically oriented towards attracting the Soviet Union, Eastern Europe, isolating China, North Vietnam, North Korea and Cuba. Although the United States to the Soviet Union, China and other socialist camp trade control policy is to "national security needs." However, the nearly 50 years of history of export controls in the United States have shown that the policy has not succeeded in achieving the goal of promoting national security and diplomatic prosperity as well as economic prosperity, but has hindered the export of the United States. Inflict enormous losses on the domestic economy of the United States. This policy has also further deteriorated relations between the United States and its Western allies.
【学位授予单位】：山东师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2009
【分类号】：F746;K712.54
本文编号：2271584
[Abstract]:After the end of World War II, the United States and its Western allies imposed a trade embargo on all socialist countries. In Truman, Eisenhower's tenure was dominated by tough policies. Since the Kennedy period, the idea and intention of loosening the East-West trade control appeared in the American government. This was inherited by the Johnson administration and developed in some ways. In the mid and late 1960s, as the international community changed more violently than before, The United States has been dragged deeper and deeper into the Vietnam War, and the Johnson administration has been subjected to more restrictive factors than before on the issue of trade control in socialist countries. The US government had to think more about how to ease relations with the Soviet Union. Its allies and governments are increasingly clamoring for easing trade controls on socialist countries. The bridging policy was put forward against this background. But the opposition in the United States would block it in every way. They hated the expansion of trade between East and West and opposed the export of technology. In 1968, after the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia, The Johnson administration's desire to pass legislation to ease trade controls between East and West died. But the Johnson administration also made some substantial adjustments and made some achievements in expanding trade with the Soviet bloc. It laid the foundation for the successful adjustment of American foreign strategy under the Nixon administration. Although the Johnson administration relaxed trade controls on the Soviet bloc countries, the mainland China at that time was still continuing the "China difference" policy of the Eisenhower Administration. President Kennedy had considered reconsidering China policy during his second term, but since Johnson took office, the change in China policy has not been formally put on the agenda because of the Vietnam War. The Johnson administration has only taken some tentative measures to improve relations between China and the United States. Its East-West trade control policy is basically oriented towards attracting the Soviet Union, Eastern Europe, isolating China, North Vietnam, North Korea and Cuba. Although the United States to the Soviet Union, China and other socialist camp trade control policy is to "national security needs." However, the nearly 50 years of history of export controls in the United States have shown that the policy has not succeeded in achieving the goal of promoting national security and diplomatic prosperity as well as economic prosperity, but has hindered the export of the United States. Inflict enormous losses on the domestic economy of the United States. This policy has also further deteriorated relations between the United States and its Western allies.
【学位授予单位】：山东师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2009
【分类号】：F746;K712.54
【引证文献】
相关硕士学位论文 前1条
1 吴敏;计算机与冷战—美国对苏联和中国限制出口计算机政策（1949-1979）[D];东北师范大学;2011年
，本文编号：2271584
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