二战后期美国对法国大国地位的态度演变

发布时间：2018-10-21 16:51

【摘要】：第二次世界大战是人类历史上规模最大、损失最惨重的一次战争,是一场空前的浩劫。作为代表正义一方的同盟国,在对轴心国的战争中通力合作,浴血奋战,最终取得了反法西斯斗争的伟大胜利。在这场战争中,一些新兴的国家迅速崛起,如美苏,也有一些传统强国衰落下来,如英法。各国实力的前后变化导致同盟国之间在团结协作的同时,产生了一些难以调和的矛盾。在这时期,美国的综合实力急剧膨胀,一举成为资本主义世界头号强国,而传统豪强英法等却在战争中一蹶不振,这为美国走向世界大国行列提供了绝佳的机遇。控制欧洲,进而争霸世界,成为美国未来的目标。而战争初期,法国败亡的速度如此之快让美国惊讶不已,它开始认为法国的大国地位已经成为历史,因此可以趁此扶植一个顺从的法国,进而控制整个欧洲大陆；同时抢占它的广大殖民地,为争霸世界做准备。然而以戴高乐为首的自由法国的出现妨碍了美国的战略计划。随着戴高乐政权的不断发展壮大,在国内外的影响越来越大,美国不得不给予一些有限的支持和承认。美国不愿承认戴高乐政权,更确切地说不希望看到一个崛起的法国。为此,美国在罗斯福的民族自决和反殖民主义外交思想指导下,竭力阻止戴高乐掌权,防止法国的复兴。另外,罗斯福对戴高乐的个人看法也在一定程度上影响了美国对法国的态度。不过在美国政府内部存在不同的意见,有些人认为对法国崛起的承认已势在必行。因此在他们及英国的极力劝说下,美国默认了法国的崛起,并给予了它大国的地位。在美国对法国态度转变的外部因素中,戴高乐及其法国政权的努力起了主要作用。经过自身的努力,法国重新崛起的既成事实让美国不得不予以重视；英国的支持也起了关键作用,它力挺法国,并在美国面前历陈法国的重要性；另外,苏联与法国的“友好”关系也在一定程度上刺激了美国去改变对法策略。随着战争形势的明朗化,美苏两强争霸的格局渐已形成,两国矛盾也逐渐突显出来。为了增加自己在争霸中的筹码,美国完全放弃了原有的对法态度,取而代之的是在政治、经济、外交等各方面帮助法国复兴的政策。二战后期美国对法国大国的态度经历了一个复杂的演变过程,通过这一过程及影响其转变的因素可以得出一条清晰的线索：外交政策永远为国家利益服务。无论它怎样变化,也只有一个目的,就是达到国家利益的最大化。
[Abstract]:World War II was the largest and most disastrous war in human history. As the allies representing the right side, they cooperated and fought hard in the war against the Axis, and finally won the great victory in the anti-fascist struggle. The war saw the rapid rise of new powers, such as the US and Soviet Union, and the decline of traditional powers, such as Britain and France. The changes in national power led to some irreconcilable contradictions between the allies. During this period, the comprehensive strength of the United States expanded rapidly and became the number one power in the capitalist world, while the traditional great powers, Britain and France, collapsed in the war, which provided an excellent opportunity for the United States to move into the ranks of the world's great powers. To control Europe and then to dominate the world became the future goal of the United States. In the early days of the war, the United States was surprised by the speed at which France had fallen. It began to think that France's status as a great power was a thing of the past, so that it could be used to foster a submissive France and thus control the entire European continent. At the same time to seize its vast colonies, to prepare for the hegemony of the world. But the emergence of a free France, led by Charles de Gaulle, hampered America's strategic plans. With the development of the de Gaulle regime and the growing influence at home and abroad, the United States had to give some limited support and recognition. The United States does not want to recognize the de Gaulle regime or, more precisely, to see a rising France. Therefore, under the guidance of Roosevelt's national self-determination and anti-colonial diplomacy, the United States tried to prevent Charles de Gaulle from taking power and to prevent the revival of France. Roosevelt's personal view of Charles de Gaulle also influenced American attitudes toward France to some extent. But there are disagreements within the administration, with some arguing that recognition of France's rise is imperative. As a result, the United States acquiesced to the rise of France and gave it the status of a great power, under the strong persuasion of them and Britain. Charles de Gaulle and his French regime played a major role in the change in American attitudes towards France. Through its own efforts, the fait accompli of France's re-emergence has compelled the United States to attach importance to it; British support has also played a key role in supporting France and making its importance known to the United States. The "friendly" relations between the Soviet Union and France also stimulated the United States to change its strategy towards France to some extent. With the clarity of the war situation, the pattern of the American and Soviet powers fighting for hegemony has gradually formed, and the contradiction between the two countries has gradually become prominent. In order to increase its leverage in the struggle for hegemony, the United States completely abandoned its original attitude towards France and replaced it with a policy of helping France revive in politics, economy, diplomacy and so on. The attitude of the United States towards the great powers of France experienced a complex process of evolution in the late World War II. Through this process and the factors affecting its transformation, a clear clue can be drawn: foreign policy will always serve the national interests. No matter how it changes, there is only one purpose, which is to maximize the national interest.
【学位授予单位】：浙江师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：K712.53

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