浅析反胡斯十字军失败的军事原因

发布时间：2018-10-29 19:12

【摘要】： 自14世纪中叶起,捷克在经济上已经成为了一个相对发达的国家,其在经济上的发展要求捷克在政治上地位的提升。但是与此同时,波西米亚的德意志人却掌握着较好的土地、矿业、部分呢绒制造业等主要的生产资料。天主教教会也把富庶的波西米亚当成他们的摇钱树,教会的苛捐杂税压得下层民众喘不过气来。捷克的社会财富源源不断地流进了主教、大主教、枢机主教以及罗马教皇的腰包。波西米亚宗教改革的先驱约翰·胡斯站出来反对,捷克纷繁错杂的社会矛盾和民族矛盾也就具体表现在了反对中世纪天主教会的、广泛的宗教改革运动之上。1415年约翰·胡斯被天主教会以火刑烧死。1419年8月,胡斯战争爆发。约半年之后,在罗马教廷的支持下,德意志世俗封建贵族发动了数次旨在消灭波西米亚异端的十字军征讨行动。反胡斯十字军是既是整个十字军运动的一部分,也是整个胡斯战争的主体部分。本篇论文对1420年的第一次十字军,1421年的第二次十字军,1421年到1422年的第三次十字军,1427年的第四次十字军和1431年的第五次十字军都有较为详尽的介绍。整篇文章还对反胡斯十字军以及胡斯派军队的前期组织发动、战场军事行动、武器装备、战略战术等等方面有所交代。另外,本文倾向于把十字军和胡斯军的某些军事战略战术独立出来做重点介绍,比如约翰·杰士卡所创立的胡斯战车堡垒等战术,从交战双方的力量对比上来试图说明五次反胡斯十字军失败的原因。此外,胡斯军与十字军对战的十余年也是当时整个欧洲大事件的一个不可缺少的组成部分,而此时中世纪欧洲军队——以骑士为核心的重装骑兵在此时期内连续受到重创,如条顿骑士团与波兰立陶宛之间发生的格伦瓦尔德战役,英法百年战争期间的阿金库尔战役,再加上反胡斯十字军与胡斯派军队的较量,这些都预示了中世纪骑士制度在军事方面衰落。另外,火器的兴起也是促使前者衰落的重要原因。这些也都是本文试图剖析的内容。
[Abstract]:Since the middle of the 14th century, the Czech Republic has become a relatively developed country economically, and its economic development requires the political advancement of the Czech Republic. But at the same time, the Germans in Bohemia had better land, mining, some woolen manufacturing and other major means of production. The Catholic Church also regarded rich Bohemia as their cash cow, and the church's exorbitant taxes overwhelmed the lower classes. The wealth of Czech society continued to flow into the pockets of bishops, archbishops, cardinals and popes. John Huth, the pioneer of the Bohemian religious reform, stood up against it, and the numerous social and ethnic contradictions in the Czech Republic were manifested in opposition to the medieval Catholic Church. John Hood was burned to death by the Catholic Church in 1415. The war broke out in August 1419. About six months later, with the support of the Holy see, Germany's secular feudal aristocracy launched several crusades aimed at eliminating Bohemian heresy. Anti-hus crusade is not only part of the crusade movement, but also the main part of the Huth War. The first Crusade in 1420, the second Crusade in 1421, the third Crusade from 1421 to 1422, the fourth Crusade in 1427 and the Fifth Crusade in 1431 are introduced in detail. The whole article also explains the early organization of the anti-hus crusade and the Houth army, the battlefield military action, the weaponry, the strategy and tactics, and so on. In addition, this paper tends to focus on the introduction of some of the military strategies and tactics of the Crusaders and the Hus Army, such as the Horse Battleship fortress founded by John Jeska, and so on. Try to explain the failure of the anti-hus crusades five times from the balance of forces between the warring parties. In addition, more than a decade of fighting between the Hoos and the Crusaders was an integral part of the great events in Europe at that time, and the medieval European army, the knight-centered heavy cavalry, suffered a series of heavy losses during that period. Such as the Battle of Glenwald between the order of Teutonic and Lithuania in Poland, the Battle of Akinkul during the hundred years' War between England and France, and the battle between the anti-Hoss Crusades and the Hussarian army. These all foreshadowed the decline of the medieval knighthood in the military. In addition, the rise of firearms is also an important reason for the decline of the former. These are all the contents of this paper.
【学位授予单位】：河北师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：K133

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