江户时期西洋医学在日本的传播研究（1603-1853）
发布时间：2018-11-01 18:28
【摘要】：江户时期在日本历史上占有非常重要的地位,它是日本从封建国家向现代社会过渡的重要转型时期。这一时期日本对西方文化的吸收是日本实现明治维新,快速转型的先决条件。纵观整个江户时期日本吸收西方科学的进程,医学是最早摄取的科学文化之一,且其是在锁国状态下,唯一持续稳定的传入日本的西洋科学。届时以医学传播为先导,带动了18世纪日本学习西方科技的浪潮。因此,研究江户时期西洋医学的传播,可以为观察江户日本与西洋的交流提供新视角。本文运用历史唯物主义的研究方法,梳理江户时期西洋医学的传播进程,从传播的主体、方式等角度剖析其特征和影响。本文特选取1603-1853年作为考察时段,分四个部分来论述。第一章主要探讨在江户时期之前,西洋医学的传入情况。1534年葡萄牙人来日,开启了日本与欧洲交流的序幕。基督教传教士在传教时,选择医学作为传教的有力辅助手段——他们在日本行医,开展医疗救助活动,开办慈善院等。同时,16世纪是日本群雄混战的战国时期,征战造成大量伤亡,这加剧了整个社会对更高的医疗救助手段的渴望。基督教为传教深入日本社会,广泛诊治下级武士和平民,其效果显著的外科技术,给日本人留下了深刻印象。日本本土医生自发学习西洋医学,由此形成了南蛮流外科,这一医学流派一直存在至江户早期,成为江户时期日本接受西洋医学的基础。第二章主要探讨江户初期,传播西洋医学的主体、方式,其时段为1603年至1720年。1603年德川幕府建立后,为稳固统治实行锁国政策,荷兰成为锁国时期唯一与日本进行贸易往来的西洋国家。因此,荷兰为江户时代西洋医学的在日传播提供了重要的桥梁作用。初期,传播的主体为荷兰商馆医和荷兰语翻译(即阿兰陀通词)这两大群体。商馆医通过给日本人诊治、授课这两种方式传播西洋医学。通词通过家族承袭或师徒传授的方式传播西洋医学。第三章主要探讨江户中后期,传播西洋医学的重要事件,主体和方式。以1720年第八代将军德川吉宗上任颁布驰禁令为标志,西洋医学的传播进入新阶段。18世纪日本社会崇尚实证、实验的实学勃兴,医学领域则是注重实验的古医派的兴起。为西洋医学的进一步传播提供了良好的社会环境。1774年日本近代医学著作《解体新书》的译著,开启了日本社会大规模学习西洋医学的浪潮。从解剖学到内科、眼科、病理学等,越来越多的西洋医学知识传入日本。在此种浪潮之下,传播方式也发生了显著的变化,以翻译书籍和开办医学私塾为主要传播方式。这一时期的传播主体主要为日本本土专业医学者。第四章分析前后两阶段传播的特征及影响。初期以技术为主,传播范围较小,集中在长崎一地,所产生的影响也较小。且这一时期传播的医学知识,就内容上来说,准确性和科学性不高,较为粗浅。而后期,传播的广度、深度均大大超过前期。作为异质文化交流的载体之一,医学的传播反应出日本在吸收外来文化时注重实用的态度和特点。正是对医学的持续吸收,为日本近代医学、化学、物理学等学科的快速发展奠定了基础。注重实践、实验的西洋医学的传入,使得日本人开始用合理、科学的态度看待世界,这也为日本明治维新的成功奠定了思想基础。
[Abstract]:Jiang's period occupies a very important position in Japan's history, and it is an important transformation period from the feudal state to the transition of the modern society. Japan's absorption of western culture in this period is a prerequisite for Japan to realize the new and rapid transformation of the west. Throughout the whole river, Japan absorbed the process of western science, medicine is one of the earliest scientific culture, and it is only the western science in the state of the locked country, the only continuous and stable introduction into Japan. At that time, taking medical communication as the lead, it led to the wave of western science and technology in Japan in the 18th century. Therefore, the study of the spread of western medicine in the Yangtze River can provide a new perspective for observing the communication between the Japanese and the West. This paper makes use of the method of study of western medicine, combs the propagation process of western medicine in Jiangkou period, and analyzes its characteristics and influence from the main body, way and so on. In this paper, four parts are discussed in this paper, which is used as the period of investigation in 1853. In the first chapter, the introduction of western medicine was mainly discussed. The Portuguese came to Japan in 1534 and opened the prelude of communication between Japan and Europe. During the missionary work, Christian missionaries chose medicine as a powerful auxiliary means of missionary work. They carried out medical assistance activities in Japan, carried out medical assistance activities, and opened a charity hospital. At the same time, the 16th century was the battle of the Japanese group, which resulted in a large number of casualties, which aggravated the whole society's aspiration for higher medical aid. Christianity has been deeply impressed by the Japanese as a missionary in-depth Japanese society, the extensive diagnosis and treatment of lower-level warriors and civilians, the remarkable surgical technique. Japanese local doctors spontaneously study Western medicine, thus forming a surgical field of Nanhe flow, which has existed in the early stage of the river and became the basis of Japanese acceptance of western medicine in the period of Jiangan. The second chapter mainly discusses the main body and mode of the western medicine in the early stage of the river, and the time segment is from 1890 to 1720. After the establishment of the Tokugawa shogu, the Netherlands became the only Western country to trade with Japan during the period of the lock country. Therefore, the Netherlands provides an important bridge for the daily transmission of western medicine in the Yangtze River. In the early days, the subject of the spread was the two large groups of Dutch merchants and Dutch translations (i.e. Alan Tatar). The doctor's hall doctor transmitted western medicine in both ways through the diagnosis and treatment of Japanese people. To spread western medicine in such a way that the word is taught by a family or by a teacher. The third chapter mainly discusses the important events, the main body and the way to spread western medicine in the middle and later stages of the river. In the eighth generation of 1720, the spread of western medicine entered the new stage. In the 18th century, the Japanese society advocates an empirical and experimental study, and the medical field is the rise of the experimental ancient medical school. It provides a good social environment for the further transmission of western medicine. In 1774, the translation of Japanese Modern Medical Work
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：K313.36
本文编号：2304737
[Abstract]:Jiang's period occupies a very important position in Japan's history, and it is an important transformation period from the feudal state to the transition of the modern society. Japan's absorption of western culture in this period is a prerequisite for Japan to realize the new and rapid transformation of the west. Throughout the whole river, Japan absorbed the process of western science, medicine is one of the earliest scientific culture, and it is only the western science in the state of the locked country, the only continuous and stable introduction into Japan. At that time, taking medical communication as the lead, it led to the wave of western science and technology in Japan in the 18th century. Therefore, the study of the spread of western medicine in the Yangtze River can provide a new perspective for observing the communication between the Japanese and the West. This paper makes use of the method of study of western medicine, combs the propagation process of western medicine in Jiangkou period, and analyzes its characteristics and influence from the main body, way and so on. In this paper, four parts are discussed in this paper, which is used as the period of investigation in 1853. In the first chapter, the introduction of western medicine was mainly discussed. The Portuguese came to Japan in 1534 and opened the prelude of communication between Japan and Europe. During the missionary work, Christian missionaries chose medicine as a powerful auxiliary means of missionary work. They carried out medical assistance activities in Japan, carried out medical assistance activities, and opened a charity hospital. At the same time, the 16th century was the battle of the Japanese group, which resulted in a large number of casualties, which aggravated the whole society's aspiration for higher medical aid. Christianity has been deeply impressed by the Japanese as a missionary in-depth Japanese society, the extensive diagnosis and treatment of lower-level warriors and civilians, the remarkable surgical technique. Japanese local doctors spontaneously study Western medicine, thus forming a surgical field of Nanhe flow, which has existed in the early stage of the river and became the basis of Japanese acceptance of western medicine in the period of Jiangan. The second chapter mainly discusses the main body and mode of the western medicine in the early stage of the river, and the time segment is from 1890 to 1720. After the establishment of the Tokugawa shogu, the Netherlands became the only Western country to trade with Japan during the period of the lock country. Therefore, the Netherlands provides an important bridge for the daily transmission of western medicine in the Yangtze River. In the early days, the subject of the spread was the two large groups of Dutch merchants and Dutch translations (i.e. Alan Tatar). The doctor's hall doctor transmitted western medicine in both ways through the diagnosis and treatment of Japanese people. To spread western medicine in such a way that the word is taught by a family or by a teacher. The third chapter mainly discusses the important events, the main body and the way to spread western medicine in the middle and later stages of the river. In the eighth generation of 1720, the spread of western medicine entered the new stage. In the 18th century, the Japanese society advocates an empirical and experimental study, and the medical field is the rise of the experimental ancient medical school. It provides a good social environment for the further transmission of western medicine. In 1774, the translation of Japanese Modern Medical Work
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：K313.36
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