平安时代的即位礼仪及其意义
发布时间：2018-11-01 19:19
【摘要】： 日本是至今仍存在君主的国家之一。作为国家君主的天皇作为一种国家的象征,行使某些国家行为。新旧君主交替的时候,举行即位礼仪是必然的。最近一次的平成天皇的即位礼仪,就曾在当时引起了巨大的轰动。 与现代日本的象征天皇制不同,在古代日本,特别是幕府时代之前,天皇在大部分的时间里拥有着绝对的统治权,但无论天皇是否真正掌握国家政权,其仍是古代国家的君主,不同于现今日本宪法所规定的象征天皇制下的天皇。因此古代天皇的即位礼仪自然有着特殊的意义。 一般来讲,古代日本的即位礼仪至少有两种,分别是具有宗教性的践祚大尝祭,另一种是礼书上所记载的,中国式的即位礼仪。相对于前者,研究后者的学者并不多。但是,后者是天皇让位或驾崩时新天皇通过神器的奉上表明“即位”,以及新天皇作为君主向天下表明自己拥有君主的资格和待遇的礼仪。从这个角度讲,后者才是皇位继承礼仪的中心礼仪。本文探讨的就是这一作为中心礼仪的即位礼仪。 关于古代同本即位礼仪,平安时代开始出现了大量官方或私人编纂的仪式书,才有了详细的礼仪过程的记载。特别是官撰《仪式》一书,详细记载了关于天皇让位时的“让国仪”及之后的“天皇即位仪”的具体过程。 也就是说,平安时代的即位礼仪,主要分为“践祚”和“即位式”。践祚是天皇让位或驾崩当日举行的以“奉上神器”为主的礼仪,即位式则是新天皇在大极殿举行的一种近似于朝贺仪的礼仪。新天皇登上高御座,在形式上完成了“即位”的过程,并召集臣下宣读诏书,宣布自己继承了天皇的地位。 平安时代是日本古代史上比较复杂的一个时代之一。平安时代前期正处于律令时代的末期,之后国家体制转变为国家王朝体制。还出现了摄关和院政。而年幼的王位继承者频频出现,再加上先帝和新帝之间血缘关系所造成的原因,使得即位礼仪在平安时代发生了变化和变质。 即位礼仪本身就是一种礼仪文化。礼仪的仪仗具有文化特点,关于即位礼仪过程的记载也反映了日本皇室文化的特点。涉及到君主的礼仪,即位仪所体现的文化反映了整个古代同本社会、特别是反映了社会上层——贵族统治阶级思想和文化的实际情况。而且,即位礼仪更是天皇王权与国家政治的体现,而王权和政治的变化也通过即位礼仪体现出来。另外,即位礼仪作为文化的表象,体现出当时文化的特点,并且是随着文化的变迁而变化的,甚至有时先于文化而变动,相应的反映着文化的变迁。 因此,研究古代即位礼仪,有助于认识古代社会文化以及王权的变迁。同时,研究古代天皇的即位礼仪,也对认识现代天皇的即位礼仪有一定的价值。
[Abstract]:Japan is one of the countries where monarchs still exist. As a symbol of a state, the emperor exercises certain acts of state. When the old and new monarchs alternate, it is inevitable to have succession etiquette. The most recent ceremonial succession to the throne caused a great sensation at that time. Unlike the modern Japanese symbol of the imperial system, in ancient Japan, especially before the shogunate era, the emperor had absolute dominion for most of the time, but whether or not the emperor really held the state power, he was still the monarch of the ancient state. Unlike the modern Japanese constitution, which symbolizes the emperor under the imperial system. Therefore, the ancient emperor's succession etiquette naturally has a special significance. Generally speaking, there are at least two kinds of ceremony in ancient Japan, one is religious ritual, the other is Chinese ceremony. Compared with the former, there are few scholars studying the latter. However, the latter is the ceremony by which the new emperor gives way to the throne when the emperor gives way or dies, and the new emperor shows to the world that he has the status and treatment of the monarch. From this point of view, the latter is the royal succession etiquette of the central etiquette. This article is to explore this as a central etiquette of the throne etiquette. As for the ancient ceremony of joining the throne, there appeared a large number of official or private ritual books in the peace time, and then there was a detailed record of the ritual process. In particular, the official compilation of ritual, the detailed recording of the emperor when the emperors gave way to the instrument and the subsequent "imperial enchanting instrument" of the concrete process. In other words, the peace era of the throne etiquette, mainly divided into "Jian Zuo" and "position-type." Jian Zuo is the ceremonial ceremony held on the day of the emperor's surrender or death, and the new emperor's ceremony in the Great Hall of the Emperor is similar to that of the Chao Yi. The new emperor ascended the throne, formally completed the "throne" process, and summoned officials to read the imperial edict, announced that he inherited the status of the emperor. The peace time is one of the more complicated times in the ancient history of Japan. The early period of the peaceful era was the end of the legal era, and then the national system changed into the state dynastic system. There is also the emergence of customs and courtyard administration. The appearance of young heir to the throne, coupled with the blood relationship between the emperor and the new emperor, led to the change and deterioration of the succession etiquette in the peaceful times. The ceremony itself is a culture of etiquette. The ceremony of etiquette has cultural characteristics, and the record of the ceremony also reflects the cultural characteristics of the Japanese royal family. When it comes to the etiquette of the monarch, the culture embodied in the instrument reflects the whole ancient society, especially the actual situation of the thought and culture of the upper class-the aristocratic ruling class. Moreover, the accession etiquette is the embodiment of Emperor Wang Quan and national politics, and the change of Wang Quan and politics is also reflected by the succession etiquette. In addition, as the appearance of culture, it reflects the characteristics of culture at that time, and it changes with the change of culture, and sometimes changes before culture, which reflects the change of culture. Therefore, it is helpful to understand the social culture of ancient times and the vicissitude of Wang Quan. At the same time, the study of the emperation etiquette of the ancient emperor also has certain value to the understanding of the emperation etiquette of the modern emperor.
【学位授予单位】：天津师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2009
【分类号】：K313.25
本文编号：2304860
[Abstract]:Japan is one of the countries where monarchs still exist. As a symbol of a state, the emperor exercises certain acts of state. When the old and new monarchs alternate, it is inevitable to have succession etiquette. The most recent ceremonial succession to the throne caused a great sensation at that time. Unlike the modern Japanese symbol of the imperial system, in ancient Japan, especially before the shogunate era, the emperor had absolute dominion for most of the time, but whether or not the emperor really held the state power, he was still the monarch of the ancient state. Unlike the modern Japanese constitution, which symbolizes the emperor under the imperial system. Therefore, the ancient emperor's succession etiquette naturally has a special significance. Generally speaking, there are at least two kinds of ceremony in ancient Japan, one is religious ritual, the other is Chinese ceremony. Compared with the former, there are few scholars studying the latter. However, the latter is the ceremony by which the new emperor gives way to the throne when the emperor gives way or dies, and the new emperor shows to the world that he has the status and treatment of the monarch. From this point of view, the latter is the royal succession etiquette of the central etiquette. This article is to explore this as a central etiquette of the throne etiquette. As for the ancient ceremony of joining the throne, there appeared a large number of official or private ritual books in the peace time, and then there was a detailed record of the ritual process. In particular, the official compilation of ritual, the detailed recording of the emperor when the emperors gave way to the instrument and the subsequent "imperial enchanting instrument" of the concrete process. In other words, the peace era of the throne etiquette, mainly divided into "Jian Zuo" and "position-type." Jian Zuo is the ceremonial ceremony held on the day of the emperor's surrender or death, and the new emperor's ceremony in the Great Hall of the Emperor is similar to that of the Chao Yi. The new emperor ascended the throne, formally completed the "throne" process, and summoned officials to read the imperial edict, announced that he inherited the status of the emperor. The peace time is one of the more complicated times in the ancient history of Japan. The early period of the peaceful era was the end of the legal era, and then the national system changed into the state dynastic system. There is also the emergence of customs and courtyard administration. The appearance of young heir to the throne, coupled with the blood relationship between the emperor and the new emperor, led to the change and deterioration of the succession etiquette in the peaceful times. The ceremony itself is a culture of etiquette. The ceremony of etiquette has cultural characteristics, and the record of the ceremony also reflects the cultural characteristics of the Japanese royal family. When it comes to the etiquette of the monarch, the culture embodied in the instrument reflects the whole ancient society, especially the actual situation of the thought and culture of the upper class-the aristocratic ruling class. Moreover, the accession etiquette is the embodiment of Emperor Wang Quan and national politics, and the change of Wang Quan and politics is also reflected by the succession etiquette. In addition, as the appearance of culture, it reflects the characteristics of culture at that time, and it changes with the change of culture, and sometimes changes before culture, which reflects the change of culture. Therefore, it is helpful to understand the social culture of ancient times and the vicissitude of Wang Quan. At the same time, the study of the emperation etiquette of the ancient emperor also has certain value to the understanding of the emperation etiquette of the modern emperor.
【学位授予单位】：天津师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2009
【分类号】：K313.25
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1 高姗;平安时代的即位礼仪及其意义[D];天津师范大学;2009年
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