美国对中共态度和政策的演变（1921-1950）

发布时间：2018-11-02 06:32

【摘要】： 早期美国与中共的关系是研究20世纪50年代中美走向对抗原因的一个重要事件。本文以此为研究着眼点,从中国共产党的成立始到朝鲜战争止,主要对这一历史时期美国对中共态度和政策的演变过程进行了考察。早在共产主义思潮在中国开始传播之时,美国国务院就开始加强对中国共产主义的研究.然而由于特定的历史环境、国共两党间关系的不稳定性、有关中国共产主义信息来源的多元化等多重因素影响,使得早期美国对中共的认识处于极端肤浅和模糊之中。随着日本侵华势力地急剧扩大和埃德加·斯诺对中共强有力的舆论宣传,在美国人眼里中共逐渐变成了一股有助于在远东抗击日军的重要力量。珍珠港事件爆发后,共同的战略利益为双方进一步合作提供了新的历史平台。然而出于正统主义原则,罗斯福明确表示,美国政府只能与国民政府打交道,美国所关注的只是国共两党在战时保持“和平”。但这并没有改变美国驻华外交人员关注中共的初衷。作为美国对华政策的实践者们,他们通过自身的亲身感受把一份份有关中共的报告发往华盛顿,促使其对华政策向着较为现实的方向转变。开罗会议后,有限援蒋政策得以执行,美国与中共的“准盟友”关系也逐步建立起来了。然而这种友好的关系并没有在战后得以继续。对华政策的不同理解、驻华外交人员的变动、以及美苏间在远东的争夺,使美国对中共的政策一步步向着扶蒋反共的方向滑去。虽然此后华盛顿曾力图改变困境,与中共采取较为缓和的政策,但终因国内政治因素、国际客观历史环境及对双方战略认知的误差等因素的影响,最终使双方在50年代走上了敌对之路。本文正是从美国对中共态度和政策演变所经历的了解有限、认识混乱、被动关注、主动接触、有限合作、摇摆不定、走向对抗等几个阶段的论述,对美国对中共所采取不同政策的原因和影响进行剖析,以此来解读早期美国与中共关系的历史轨迹。并在此基础上,对美国对华政策的影响因素做出提炼,旨在说明在该阶段美国对中共态度和政策的演变是多方互动、多种利益交织、多种因素相互冲击的结果。从而从整体上把握和解读该阶段的中美关系。
[Abstract]:The early relationship between the United States and the Chinese Communists was an important event in studying the causes of the confrontation between China and the United States in the 1950s. From the founding of the Communist Party of China to the Korean War, this paper mainly investigates the evolution of the attitude and policy of the Chinese Communist Party in this historical period. Even as communism spread in China, the State Department stepped up research on Chinese communism. However, due to the specific historical environment, the instability of the relationship between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party, and the diversity of information sources of Chinese communism, the early American understanding of the CPC was extremely superficial and vague. With the rapid expansion of the Japanese invasion of China and Edgar Snow's strong propaganda to the Chinese Communists, the Chinese Communists gradually became an important force in the far East to help fight the Japanese army in the far East. After the Pearl Harbor incident, the common strategic interests provided a new historical platform for further cooperation between the two sides. However, out of orthodox principles, Roosevelt made it clear that the United States government can only deal with the national government, the United States is concerned with the KMT and the Communist Party in wartime to maintain "peace." But this did not change the original intention of American diplomats in China to pay attention to the Chinese Communists. As practitioners of the United States' China policy, they sent a report on the Chinese Communist Party to Washington through their own experience, prompting them to change their China policy in a more realistic direction. After Cairo, the policy of limited aid to Chiang was carried out, and the "quasi-ally" relationship between the United States and the Chinese Communists was gradually established. However, this friendly relationship did not continue after the war. The different understanding of China policy, the change of diplomatic personnel in China, and the scramble between the United States and Soviet Union in the far East made the policy of the United States toward the Communist Party slip towards the direction of supporting Chiang Kai-shek and opposing the Communist Party step by step. Although Washington has since tried to change its predicament and adopted a more relaxed policy with the Chinese Communists, it has finally been influenced by domestic political factors, international objective historical circumstances and errors in both sides' strategic perceptions. In the end, the two sides embarked on a hostile road in the 1950s. This article is an account of the limited understanding that the United States has experienced in the evolution of the attitude and policy of the Chinese Communists, the confusion of understanding, passive concern, active contact, limited cooperation, vacillating, and moving towards confrontation, and so on. This paper analyzes the causes and influences of the different policies adopted by the United States towards the Chinese Communists in order to interpret the historical track of the relationship between the United States and the Chinese Communists in the early period. On the basis of this, the paper refines the influencing factors of American policy towards China, in order to explain that the evolution of American attitude and policy towards the Chinese Communists at this stage is the result of multi-interaction, interweaving of various interests, and the impact of various factors on each other. So as a whole to grasp and interpret the stage of the relationship between China and the United States.
【学位授予单位】：西北师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2008
【分类号】：K712

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