19世纪末20世纪初英国“仁慈专制”统治下的印度人口普查研究

发布时间：2018-11-02 18:44

【摘要】：印度第十五次全国人口普查于2010年4月正式启动,重新开始了阔别八十年的种姓普查,而这一举动遭到了大多数民众的反对,主要理由是对殖民时期人口普查所遗留下来的社会问题的担忧。本文在掌握1872年-1911年普查报告的基础上,结合19世纪末20世纪初英国所采取的对印“仁慈专制”统治特色,分析了殖民政府主持的人口普查对印度社会的正反两方面影响。全文共分为三大部分：第一部分简述了该时期英国对印采取的统治方式——“仁慈专制”。它不仅是英国政府吸取1858年印度大起义的教训后采取的缓和措施,也是受到国内关于“帝国负担论”的舆论压力所采取的折中办法。一方面,英国以西方的尺度衡量印度,时刻强调殖民统治的合理性。另一方面,为了保证英国统治的稳定性,殖民者认为有必要适当提高印度人的利益。在这种统治特色下执行的人口普查,势必有其“仁慈”的一面,亦有其“专制”的一面。第二部分分析了殖民时期人口普查对印度社会“仁慈”的一面。英国殖民者通过多次人口普查实践,给独立印度留下了成熟的普查条件,在意识层面将印度人整合成一个共同体,为民族主义的萌芽奠定了基础,并通过普查结果解决了许多社会问题,一定程度上保障了民众的幸福和国家的发展。第三部分探索了殖民时期人口普查对印度社会“专制”的一面,以宗教和种姓为主。在宗教方面,殖民政府通过泛化印度教定义,制造了印度教一教独大的局面,利用印穆之间的人口数量问题,达到“分而治之”的目的,激化了印穆教派冲突。在种姓方面,不仅通过过细的分类导致种姓意识的强化,并利用以民意为基础的种姓阶序排列激发种姓内部的地位争夺,加剧了高低种姓间、同等种姓问的冲突。文章最后指出,继承了殖民时期人口普查惯例的独立印度在执行人口普查时,如何正确处理殖民者所遗留的问题,需要经过慎重的考虑。
[Abstract]:The 15th National population Census of India was officially launched in April 2010, restarting the eighty-year caste census, a move that was opposed by the majority of the population. The main reason is concern about the social problems left over by colonial censuses. On the basis of mastering the census report from 1872 to 1911 and combining the characteristics of "benevolent autocracy" adopted by Britain in the late 19th century and early 20th century, this paper analyzes the positive and negative effects of the census conducted by the colonial government on Indian society. The paper is divided into three parts: the first part briefly describes the British rule over India in that period-"benevolent autocracy". It is not only a mitigation measure taken by the British government after learning the lesson of the Great Intifada in 1858, but also a compromise under the pressure of public opinion on "Imperial burden Theory" at home. On the one hand, Britain measures India by Western standards, emphasizing the rationality of colonial rule. On the other hand, in order to ensure the stability of British rule, the colonists considered it necessary to properly improve the interests of the Indians. The census carried out under this kind of rule is bound to have its "benevolence" side and its "autocratic" side. The second part analyzes the benevolence of the colonial census to Indian society. The British colonists left a mature census condition for independent India through the practice of many census, and integrated the Indians into a community at the level of consciousness, which laid the foundation for the germination of nationalism. And through the census results to solve many social problems, to a certain extent to ensure the well-being of the people and the development of the country. The third part explores the despotism of the colonial census in Indian society, mainly on religion and caste. In the aspect of religion, the colonial government, by generalizing the definition of Hinduism, created a situation in which Hinduism was dominant and made use of the question of the population between India and Pakistan to achieve the goal of "dividing and ruling it", thus intensifying the conflict between the Hindu and Muslim sects. In the aspect of caste, it not only leads to the strengthening of caste consciousness through too detailed classification, but also uses the order of caste based on public opinion to arouse the status contention within caste, which intensifies the conflict between high and low caste and the same caste. At the end of the paper, it is pointed out that how to correctly deal with the problems left by the colonists in carrying out the census in India, which inherits the tradition of census during the colonial period, needs careful consideration.
【学位授予单位】：复旦大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：K351

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