拜占庭帝国的西部边疆危机：1081至1085年拜占庭—诺曼战争

发布时间：2018-11-10 13:40

【摘要】： 11世纪,众多势力全面涌入地中海,地中海地区的形势日趋复杂。与此同时,作为地中海昔日霸主的拜占庭帝国,内部矛盾激化;边疆在诸势力的压力下,不断退缩。来自北方的诺曼人作为众多势力中最凶猛的一支,从西部对帝国边疆发动入侵,给予其致命一击。诺曼人11世纪初到达南意大利,通过联姻以及军事征服等手段确立了统治地位,逐渐成为影响地中海局势的重要势力,其壮大危及到拜占庭帝国西部边疆的安全。11世纪70年代,诺曼人占领了拜占庭在南意大利最后的领土,将帝国势力逐出了意大利。1081至1085年间他们又发动了对巴尔干的侵袭。拜占庭皇帝阿列克修斯一世采用外交手腕实现了同日耳曼皇帝、威尼斯诸势力的联合,反击诺曼人的入侵,最终取得了战争的胜利,暂时解除了帝国的西部边疆危机。但是,诺曼人的此次入侵无疑已严重危及到帝国腹地以及首都的安全,是继小亚突厥人的入侵之后,帝国所面临的最严重的边疆危机。 1081至1085年拜占庭—诺曼战争是11世纪地中海文明冲突中的短时段事件,其后果及后续影响至少有四个方面:第一,使得拜占庭的西部边疆被限制在亚得里亚海东岸巴尔干地区成为即成事实;第二,暴露出了帝国的内部矛盾,迫使科穆宁王朝诸帝通过经济和军事改革来拯救帝国;第三,推动了以威尼斯为首的商业城市国家的崛起,进而促进了地中海商业贸易的繁荣。第四,促成西西里王国的建立,使之对当时地中海新格局的形成影响深远。将这场战争放在11-12世纪的中时段来看,它是以诺曼人为代表的西方人向东方挺进的信号,为十字军运动奠定了基础。
[Abstract]:In the 11 th century, many forces poured into the Mediterranean Sea, and the situation in the Mediterranean region became more and more complicated. At the same time, the Byzantine Empire, as the former hegemony of the Mediterranean, intensified its internal contradictions, and the frontier retreated under the pressure of various forces. The Normans from the north, the fiercest of the forces, invaded the imperial frontier from the west, giving it a deadly blow. The Norman arrived in southern Italy in the early 11th century, established their dominance by marriage and military conquest, and gradually became an important force influencing the situation in the Mediterranean. Its growth jeopardized the security of the western frontier of the Byzantine Empire. In the 1170s, the Normans occupied the last territory of Byzantine in southern Italy, expelling the Empire from Italy. Between 1081 and 1085, they launched another invasion of the Balkans. Byzantine emperor Alexius I used diplomatic tactics to realize the alliance with the German emperor and the Venetian forces, counterattacked the Norman invasion, finally won the war and temporarily lifted the western border crisis of the empire. However, the invasion of the Norman people has undoubtedly seriously endangered the security of the hinterland of the empire and the capital. It is the most serious border crisis the empire is facing after the invasion of the Little Turkic people. The Byzantine-Norman War between 1081 and 1085 was a short period of time in the conflict of civilization in the Mediterranean in the 11th century. Its consequences and subsequent effects were at least four aspects: first, It became a fact that the western frontier of Byzantium was restricted to the Balkans on the eastern shore of the Adriatic Sea. Secondly, the internal contradictions of the empire were exposed, forcing the emperors to save the empire through economic and military reform. Thirdly, it promoted the rise of commercial city countries, led by Venice, and promoted the prosperity of Mediterranean trade. Fourth, the establishment of the Kingdom of Sicily, which had a profound impact on the formation of a new Mediterranean pattern. Looking at the war in the middle of the 11-12 th century, it was a signal that the Norman Westerners were marching eastward and laid the foundation for the crusade.
【学位授予单位】：东北师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2009
【分类号】：K134

【相似文献】