教派主义与印度政治格局演变
发布时间：2018-11-11 20:00
【摘要】： 在历史上,印度的宗教和政治就存在密切关系,印度独立后,采取了西方的议会民主制,确立了世俗主义的立国原则,要把印度建成一个“非宗教性的民族共和国”。但世俗主义原则在印度政治生活中被没有得到彻底的贯彻,随着印度政局的变化,宗教势力不断发展并向政治领域渗透,尤其是20世纪80年代以来,印度国内出现了印度教复兴的思潮,教派主义对印度政治的影响更加突出。可以说,离开宗教因素,就难以理解印度政治。 关于教派主义对印度政治的影响,国内尚无系统的研究成果,本文选取教派主义及印度政治格局的演变为研究对象,试图分析清楚在印度政治发展过程中,教派主义在多大程度上影响印度的政治与社会,以及在未来发展中,印度政府如何处理教派主义与其政治政策之间的关系。通过本文的分析,我们不仅能清楚的了解印度社会的历史与现实特点,而且对我国的政治发展有很强的现实意义。 本文首先对迄今为止尚无明确定义的教派主义进行了自己的理解和定义,认为这是民族主义的一种极端形式,接着对印度教教派主义的起源及发展状况,以及主要的教派主义政党进行了简要的介绍。印度的政治制度是在继承英属印度的管理体制的基础上发展而来的,实行的是联邦制和议会民主制度。独立以后的印度政治格局发生了几次重大的转折,而教派主义在此过程中扮演了举足轻重的角色,这也正是本文的重点。在尼赫鲁执政的近二十年时间里,正是印度教教派主义得势之时,以人民同盟和国民志愿服务团为代表的组织纷纷批评尼赫鲁的世俗主义政策,鼓吹大印度教,极力排斥伊斯兰教,不但使得教派冲突加剧,也让政府的世俗化道路遭受了严峻的考验;进入20世纪70、80年代后,国大党一党独大的地位不再牢固,具有印度教教派主义倾向的印度人民党势力逐渐上升,而伊斯兰教派则转而支持国大党的世俗主义政策,借以对抗印度教教派,此时印度教教派主义的强大攻势和世俗主义的相对式微引发了更加剧烈的教派冲突,政局也更为动荡;从20世纪最后十年至今,印度步入了联合政府执政时代,印度人民党与印度教教派组织关系密切,并一度在政坛称雄,而其实不同教派也都纷纷成为各党派加以依靠或利用的政治力量,政党和教派的密切结合,使印度政坛的斗争更显复杂化。本文最后,从历史、政治、经济、社会和意识形态五个方面具体分析了印度教派主义长期存在并能对政治产生重大影响的原因。时至今日,教派主义仍然是印度政治中不可忽视的因素,但是,总体来说,政府的政策在不断总结经验教训的过程中一点点在完善,在处理教派问题上也逐渐成熟。
[Abstract]:In history, India's religion and politics were closely related. After India's independence, it adopted the western parliamentary democracy, established the principle of secularism, and made India a "non-religious national republic". However, secularism has not been thoroughly implemented in Indian political life. With the change of Indian political situation, religious forces have been developing and infiltrating into the political field, especially since the 1980s. There is a trend of Hindu revival in India, and sectarianism has a more prominent influence on Indian politics. It can be said that it is difficult to understand Indian politics without religious factors. There is no systematic research on the influence of sectarianism on Indian politics. In this paper, sectarianism and the evolution of Indian political pattern are selected as the research objects to analyze the process of Indian political development. To what extent sectarianism affects India's politics and society, and how the Indian government handles the relationship between sectarianism and its political policies in the future. Through the analysis of this paper, we can not only understand the historical and realistic characteristics of Indian society clearly, but also have a strong practical significance for the political development of our country. In this paper, the author first gives his own understanding and definition of sectarianism, which has not been clearly defined so far, as an extreme form of nationalism, and then gives an account of the origin and development of Hindu sectarianism. And the main sectarian parties are briefly introduced. India's political system was developed on the basis of inheriting the British Indian administrative system, and implemented the federal system and parliamentary democracy. After independence, India's political pattern has undergone several major changes, and sectarianism has played an important role in this process, which is also the focus of this paper. During the nearly two decades of Nehru's reign, when Hindu sectarianism was gaining momentum, organizations represented by the people's Alliance and the National Voluntary Service Corps criticized Nehru's secularism policy and advocated greater Hinduism. The rejection of Islam not only aggravated the sectarian conflict, but also put the government's secularization road to a severe test. After the 1970s and 1980s, the dominant position of the National Congress Party was no longer strong, the Hindu sectarian Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) forces gradually rose, while the Islamists turned to support the Congress Party's secularism policy. In order to fight against Hindu sects, the powerful offensive of Hindu sectarianism and the relative decline of secularism caused more intense sectarian conflicts and political instability. Since the last decade of the 20th century, India has entered the era of coalition government. The Bharatiya Janata Party (Bharatiya Janata Party) has close ties with Hindu sectarian organizations and once dominated the political arena. In fact, different sects have also become the political forces that all parties rely on or use. The close combination of political parties and sects has complicated the struggle in Indian politics. At the end of this paper, the author analyzes the reasons why Indian sectarianism has existed for a long time and has a great influence on politics from five aspects: history, politics, economy, society and ideology. Sectarianism is still a factor that can not be ignored in Indian politics today, but generally speaking, the government's policy is gradually perfected in the process of summing up experiences and lessons, and gradually maturing in dealing with sectarian issues.
【学位授予单位】：云南大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：K351
本文编号：2325971
[Abstract]:In history, India's religion and politics were closely related. After India's independence, it adopted the western parliamentary democracy, established the principle of secularism, and made India a "non-religious national republic". However, secularism has not been thoroughly implemented in Indian political life. With the change of Indian political situation, religious forces have been developing and infiltrating into the political field, especially since the 1980s. There is a trend of Hindu revival in India, and sectarianism has a more prominent influence on Indian politics. It can be said that it is difficult to understand Indian politics without religious factors. There is no systematic research on the influence of sectarianism on Indian politics. In this paper, sectarianism and the evolution of Indian political pattern are selected as the research objects to analyze the process of Indian political development. To what extent sectarianism affects India's politics and society, and how the Indian government handles the relationship between sectarianism and its political policies in the future. Through the analysis of this paper, we can not only understand the historical and realistic characteristics of Indian society clearly, but also have a strong practical significance for the political development of our country. In this paper, the author first gives his own understanding and definition of sectarianism, which has not been clearly defined so far, as an extreme form of nationalism, and then gives an account of the origin and development of Hindu sectarianism. And the main sectarian parties are briefly introduced. India's political system was developed on the basis of inheriting the British Indian administrative system, and implemented the federal system and parliamentary democracy. After independence, India's political pattern has undergone several major changes, and sectarianism has played an important role in this process, which is also the focus of this paper. During the nearly two decades of Nehru's reign, when Hindu sectarianism was gaining momentum, organizations represented by the people's Alliance and the National Voluntary Service Corps criticized Nehru's secularism policy and advocated greater Hinduism. The rejection of Islam not only aggravated the sectarian conflict, but also put the government's secularization road to a severe test. After the 1970s and 1980s, the dominant position of the National Congress Party was no longer strong, the Hindu sectarian Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) forces gradually rose, while the Islamists turned to support the Congress Party's secularism policy. In order to fight against Hindu sects, the powerful offensive of Hindu sectarianism and the relative decline of secularism caused more intense sectarian conflicts and political instability. Since the last decade of the 20th century, India has entered the era of coalition government. The Bharatiya Janata Party (Bharatiya Janata Party) has close ties with Hindu sectarian organizations and once dominated the political arena. In fact, different sects have also become the political forces that all parties rely on or use. The close combination of political parties and sects has complicated the struggle in Indian politics. At the end of this paper, the author analyzes the reasons why Indian sectarianism has existed for a long time and has a great influence on politics from five aspects: history, politics, economy, society and ideology. Sectarianism is still a factor that can not be ignored in Indian politics today, but generally speaking, the government's policy is gradually perfected in the process of summing up experiences and lessons, and gradually maturing in dealing with sectarian issues.
【学位授予单位】：云南大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：K351
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