土地私有化与亚述帝国晚期的危机
发布时间:2018-11-15 20:43
【摘要】: 对于亚述帝国灭亡的原因,学者们提出了各种解释,但众说纷纭,莫衷一是。依笔者拙见,亚述帝国的灭亡并不是偶然的,与其晚期的财政赤字、军事实力下降与频繁的叛乱等问题有直接的关系,而这些问题都根源于土地私有化。 在亚述帝国,土地名义上归国王所有,私人的土地所有权也得到充分的尊重。亚述帝国晚期,一方面,大批的中小土地所有者破产;另一方面,皇家的一些近臣与军官购买了大量的土地,建立许多规模巨大的地产。为了犒赏有功的近臣与军官,晚期的国王授予他们私人地产的所有权,免除了他们的大地产及其仆从的赋役。因而,私有化大地产不受政府的管辖,形同“独立的私人王国”。 土地私有化对亚述帝国产生了深刻的影响。首先,土地私有化影响到亚述帝国的财政。各种赋税是亚述帝国财政收入的主要来源,而私有化地产不负担任何赋税,因此,大规模的土地私有化是其财政出现赤字的重要原因。其次,土地私有化削弱了亚述帝国的军事实力。尽管亚述帝国有一些常备军,但其主力是从各地征发来的义务兵。大量依附于私有化地产的人员被豁免兵役,,因而应征人员锐减,而帝国由于版图的扩大对兵员的需求增加,结果国王不得不从新行省、附属国及半独立的阿拉米部落中征发大量的非亚述人当兵。这些士兵军纪败坏,战斗力极低。因此,土地私有化导致了亚述帝国军事实力的下降。再次,土地私有化动摇了亚述帝国王权的基础。亚述帝国的国王宣称,众神不但授予他们王权,而且授予他们强大的军队与大量的财富,因此,军队与财富是王权的基础。大规模的土地私有化导致了帝国的财政赤字与军事实力的下降,动摇了王权的基础。就在王权削弱的同时,大贵族的势力膨胀,他们挑战王权,窥视王位,接连不断的叛乱由此而起。 土地私有化导致了亚述帝国晚期的危机,削弱了亚述帝国的实力;米底人与加勒底人乘机摆脱了亚述帝国的羁绊,并迅速向亚述帝国发起进攻;危机四伏的亚述帝国不堪一击,迅速崩溃。因此,土地私有化是亚述帝国灭亡的根本原因。
[Abstract]:For the cause of the demise of the Assyrian Empire, the scholars put forward a variety of explanations, but all the time, the best. According to the author, the demise of the Assyrian Empire is not accidental, and there is a direct relationship with the problems of the late fiscal deficit, the decline of military power and the frequent rebellion, which are rooted in the privatization of the land. in that name of the Assyria, the land is owned by the king, and all the private land The right was also fully respected. In the late part of the empire, on the one hand, a large number of small and medium-sized landowners were bankrupted; on the other hand, some of the royal close ministers and the officers bought a large amount of land and set up A lot of large real estate. In order to reward the close and the officers of the real estate, the late king gave them the title of the private property and exempted them from a great deal. As a result, the privatisation of large real estate is not governed by the government, and it is in the form of "a" an independent private kingd. om鈥
本文编号:2334407
[Abstract]:For the cause of the demise of the Assyrian Empire, the scholars put forward a variety of explanations, but all the time, the best. According to the author, the demise of the Assyrian Empire is not accidental, and there is a direct relationship with the problems of the late fiscal deficit, the decline of military power and the frequent rebellion, which are rooted in the privatization of the land. in that name of the Assyria, the land is owned by the king, and all the private land The right was also fully respected. In the late part of the empire, on the one hand, a large number of small and medium-sized landowners were bankrupted; on the other hand, some of the royal close ministers and the officers bought a large amount of land and set up A lot of large real estate. In order to reward the close and the officers of the real estate, the late king gave them the title of the private property and exempted them from a great deal. As a result, the privatisation of large real estate is not governed by the government, and it is in the form of "a" an independent private kingd. om鈥
本文编号:2334407
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