1933-1948年英国犹太难民政策
发布时间：2018-11-16 10:27
【摘要】： 英国有着允许难民安全避难的悠久传统,所以在1933年1月希特勒掌握德国政权、开始打击犹太人之时,数以万计的犹太难民就涌向了英国。英国犹太人迅速建立难民援助组织,并向政府承诺:犹太社区为进入英国的每个犹太难民提供财政支持,难民不会成为政府的负担。在英国犹太组织的保证下,犹太难民被暂时接受。但随着纳粹对犹太人的迫害加深和二战的迫近,英国取缔了所有从纳粹控制区涌入英国的移民活动。在二战期间,只有约10,000个犹太难民设法进入了英国。二战后,英国政府积极寻找移民,犹太人被排除在外,只有少数被允许进入。犹太难民的身份一直没有得到政府的承认,对难民的限制并未放松。总之,在整个纳粹统治时期,英国共接纳了大约51,000个犹太难民,还有许多难民通过英国这个中转站到达了美国。对于英国犹太难民政策,国内学术界关注较少,而国外的研究成果颇丰,但意见有分歧,对英国政策的评价也不一致。本文以历史唯物主义史观为指导,采取史论结合,理论联系实际的方法,从20世纪初的东欧犹太难民潮入手,通过阐述二战前后英国犹太难民政策的内容,政策的具体运用,分析政策的特点,客观评价其作用,其中政策内容、决策背景及政策特点是本文论述的重点。 论文主要从以下四个部分来论述: 第一部分回顾了20世纪早期英国的外侨限制法和管理措施,从东欧犹太难民受到的入境限制说明英国的移民控制体制从最初选择性地接受难民到后来全面限制难民,以探讨二战前后英国对中欧犹太难民政策的渊源。 第二部分探讨了英国对欧洲犹太难民的政策。先概述英国对欧洲犹太人申请入境避难的反应和对策,扼要评析了政策的出发点。此外,阐释了政策的内容,即入境限制政策和有限吸收政策,深入探讨了具体制度的出台、实施及后果。最后,重点分析了影响政府决策的因素,突出政策制定的背景环境。 第三部分阐述了国际犹太难民救助与英国的态度。主要从有关犹太难民问题的国际组织或会议中,如国际联盟、埃维昂会议、百慕大会议三个方面,分析英国政府的态度和相应的政策。 第四部分分析了英国犹太难民政策的特点及影响,分别从制度根源、思想根源、现实根源三个方面予以阐释。并在以上各章节的基础上,对英国犹太难民政策从积极和消极两方面进行了思考,并以此做出客观的评价。 通过分析,本文认为,英国对犹太难民的贡献是值得肯定的,但英国政策的基本立足点是利己主义的,尽管在外界压力下政策的重点和细节有所变化,但指导原则基本上没有改变。实质上还是在国家利益和人道主义之间不断权衡、反复变化,仍然受到自身利益的限制。而且,英国的难民政策,展示了一个民族国家面对遭受迫害的外国人,在政治文化内部的极度紧张,这种紧张状况到今天还没有解决。
[Abstract]:Britain has a long tradition of allowing safe haven for refugees, so when Hitler took power in Germany in January 1933 and began cracking down on Jews, tens of thousands of Jewish refugees flocked to Britain. British Jews quickly set up a refugee aid group and promised the government that the Jewish community would provide financial support for every Jewish refugee entering Britain and that the refugees would not become a burden to the government. Jewish refugees were provisionally accepted under the aegis of the British Jewish organization. But as Nazi persecution of Jews deepened and World War II approached, Britain banned all immigration from Nazi-controlled areas. Only about 10,000 Jewish refugees managed to enter Britain during World War II. After World War II, the British government actively looked for immigrants, Jews were excluded, only a few were allowed to enter. The status of Jewish refugees has not been recognized by the government, and restrictions on refugees have not been relaxed. In all, Britain hosted about 51000 Jewish refugees throughout Nazi rule, and many arrived in the United States through the British transit point. The domestic academic circles pay less attention to the British Jewish refugee policy, but the foreign research results are quite abundant, but the opinions are different, and the evaluation of the British policy is not consistent. Under the guidance of historical materialism, by combining historical theory with practice, this paper begins with the Jewish refugee tide in Eastern Europe at the beginning of 20th century, and expounds the contents and application of British Jewish refugee policy before and after World War II. This paper analyzes the characteristics of policy and evaluates its function objectively, among which the content of policy, the background and characteristics of policy are the key points of this paper. The thesis is mainly discussed in the following four parts: the first part reviews the restrictions and management measures of aliens in Britain in the early 20th century. The restrictions on the entry of Jewish refugees from Eastern Europe indicate that the immigration control system in Britain has changed from the selective admission of refugees to the overall restriction of refugees in order to explore the origin of British policy on Jewish refugees in Central Europe before and after World War II. The second part discusses the British policy towards Jewish refugees in Europe. First, the reaction and countermeasures of Britain to European Jews applying for asylum are summarized, and the starting point of the policy is briefly evaluated. In addition, it explains the contents of the policy, that is, the policy of restriction of entry and the policy of limited absorption, and probes into the introduction, implementation and consequences of the specific system. At last, the paper analyzes the factors that influence the government's decision-making and the background environment of policy-making. The third part elaborates the international Jewish refugee relief and the British attitude. This paper analyzes the attitude and corresponding policies of the British government from three aspects: the League of Nations, the Evian Conference and the Bermuda Conference. The fourth part analyzes the characteristics and influence of British Jewish refugee policy, which is explained from three aspects: system, thought and reality. On the basis of the above chapters, this paper makes an objective evaluation of the Jewish refugee policy in Britain from both positive and negative aspects. Based on the analysis, this paper holds that the contribution of Britain to Jewish refugees is commendable, but the basic foothold of British policy is egoism, although the emphasis and details of the policy have changed under the pressure of the outside world. But the guiding principles remain largely unchanged. Essentially, the balance between national interests and humanitarianism is constantly tradeoff, changing repeatedly, and still limited by its own interests. Moreover, Britain's refugee policy demonstrates the extreme tensions within the political culture of a nation-state facing persecuted foreigners, which have not yet been resolved.
【学位授予单位】：陕西师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2009
【分类号】：K561.5
本文编号：2335260
[Abstract]:Britain has a long tradition of allowing safe haven for refugees, so when Hitler took power in Germany in January 1933 and began cracking down on Jews, tens of thousands of Jewish refugees flocked to Britain. British Jews quickly set up a refugee aid group and promised the government that the Jewish community would provide financial support for every Jewish refugee entering Britain and that the refugees would not become a burden to the government. Jewish refugees were provisionally accepted under the aegis of the British Jewish organization. But as Nazi persecution of Jews deepened and World War II approached, Britain banned all immigration from Nazi-controlled areas. Only about 10,000 Jewish refugees managed to enter Britain during World War II. After World War II, the British government actively looked for immigrants, Jews were excluded, only a few were allowed to enter. The status of Jewish refugees has not been recognized by the government, and restrictions on refugees have not been relaxed. In all, Britain hosted about 51000 Jewish refugees throughout Nazi rule, and many arrived in the United States through the British transit point. The domestic academic circles pay less attention to the British Jewish refugee policy, but the foreign research results are quite abundant, but the opinions are different, and the evaluation of the British policy is not consistent. Under the guidance of historical materialism, by combining historical theory with practice, this paper begins with the Jewish refugee tide in Eastern Europe at the beginning of 20th century, and expounds the contents and application of British Jewish refugee policy before and after World War II. This paper analyzes the characteristics of policy and evaluates its function objectively, among which the content of policy, the background and characteristics of policy are the key points of this paper. The thesis is mainly discussed in the following four parts: the first part reviews the restrictions and management measures of aliens in Britain in the early 20th century. The restrictions on the entry of Jewish refugees from Eastern Europe indicate that the immigration control system in Britain has changed from the selective admission of refugees to the overall restriction of refugees in order to explore the origin of British policy on Jewish refugees in Central Europe before and after World War II. The second part discusses the British policy towards Jewish refugees in Europe. First, the reaction and countermeasures of Britain to European Jews applying for asylum are summarized, and the starting point of the policy is briefly evaluated. In addition, it explains the contents of the policy, that is, the policy of restriction of entry and the policy of limited absorption, and probes into the introduction, implementation and consequences of the specific system. At last, the paper analyzes the factors that influence the government's decision-making and the background environment of policy-making. The third part elaborates the international Jewish refugee relief and the British attitude. This paper analyzes the attitude and corresponding policies of the British government from three aspects: the League of Nations, the Evian Conference and the Bermuda Conference. The fourth part analyzes the characteristics and influence of British Jewish refugee policy, which is explained from three aspects: system, thought and reality. On the basis of the above chapters, this paper makes an objective evaluation of the Jewish refugee policy in Britain from both positive and negative aspects. Based on the analysis, this paper holds that the contribution of Britain to Jewish refugees is commendable, but the basic foothold of British policy is egoism, although the emphasis and details of the policy have changed under the pressure of the outside world. But the guiding principles remain largely unchanged. Essentially, the balance between national interests and humanitarianism is constantly tradeoff, changing repeatedly, and still limited by its own interests. Moreover, Britain's refugee policy demonstrates the extreme tensions within the political culture of a nation-state facing persecuted foreigners, which have not yet been resolved.
【学位授予单位】：陕西师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2009
【分类号】：K561.5
【引证文献】
相关硕士学位论文 前1条
1 余欢;德国犹太妇女及儿童难民在英国的流亡（1933-1945）[D];湖南师范大学;2011年
，本文编号：2335260
本文链接：https://www.wllwen.com/shekelunwen/xifanglishiwenhua/2335260.html
最近更新
教材专著
