近代日本国民的铸造：从明治到大正

发布时间：2018-11-29 13:57

【摘要】：近代国民的构建是国民国家建设的基础和重要内容。既有权利意识又有国家意识,同时具备民族特质和公民特质,是国民的内在属性。国民权利、国家归属和国家认同构成近代国民的三大支柱,“去地域化”、“去奴仆化”是近代国民形成的条件。“去地域化”是最基本的条件,“去奴仆化”是最本质的特征。幕藩体制下的日本民众从本质上是臣民,处于政治统治的客体地位。明治新政府面临着将臣民转变为近代国民的重要任务。福泽谕吉、森有礼等人提出了关于国民铸造的系统化构想,他们的思想和政策极大影响了日本国民形成的进程。明治政府所要铸造的是具有国家意识、能够实现富国强兵和对外扩张路线的国民,因此在实践中采取了自上而下的国家强制的方式。通过一系列制度化措施和方式,成功地创造出日本式的国民化渠道,催生了近代日本民众对国家的忠诚和认同。甲午战争彻底改变了以前国民发展的路径,是近代日本国民“民族”特质形成的重要标志。社会底层民众的希望,是要向将自己变成具有公民权利和自由的国民,由此采取了自下而上地对政府的强权专制进行抵抗以促使其开放权利的方式。自由民权运动在国民形成方面发挥了巨大作用,国民的“公民”特质得以铸造出来。大正时代的民众运动是民众要争取成为国民的第二波抗争,“公民”特质有了进一步发展。两种国民铸造动力作用的结果是,来自政府方面的影响力远远大于来自自由民权运动及以后的大正民主党人的影响力。大正民主社会转瞬即逝,刚成长壮大起来的“公民”特质被扼杀,从而出现从国民向臣民的悲剧性回归,日本近代国民铸造在很大程度上变成为国家臣民的铸造。从明治到大正,近代日本国民的形成过程集中体现的主要特点是：横纵轴交错与时空交互的结合体；实践过程的压迫性；明显的阶段性与不均衡性；对外与“他者”差异化的强化与利益诱惑。近代国家的制度性保障、近代国家统一市场的形成、四位一体的文化教育整合机制、领导阶层的与时俱进与有效引导,是近代日本国民成功铸造的主要经验。江户时代发达的教育和已经存在的市场化的经济形态为近代日本国民的铸造提供了客观条件。统治者为了帝国扩张的需要,以国家权益之名压制民众权利,打着民族自立的招牌推行对外扩张,实施国际压迫,不仅将民众引上国家臣民的歧路,也将国家推向灭顶之灾,这是近代日本国民铸造的深刻教训。近代日本市民社会发育的不成熟是导致这种教训的重要原因。
[Abstract]:The construction of modern citizens is the foundation and important content of national construction. Both right consciousness and national consciousness, as well as national and citizen characteristics, are the inherent attributes of the nation. National rights, national ownership and national identity constitute the three pillars of modern national, "deregionalization" and "deslavery" are the conditions for the formation of modern nationals. De-localization is the most basic condition, and deservication is the most essential characteristic. The Japanese people under the curtain-vassal system are essentially subjects and are under the object status of political domination. The Meiji government was faced with the important task of transforming its subjects into modern citizens. FukuzawaYukichi, Mori and others put forward the systematic conception of national foundry, and their thoughts and policies greatly influenced the process of the formation of Japanese nationals. What the Meiji government wants to cast is the people who have the national consciousness and can realize the rich country and the foreign expansion line, so they adopt the top-down compulsory way of the state in practice. Through a series of institutionalized measures and methods, the Japanese nationalization channel was successfully created, which gave birth to the loyalty and identity of the modern Japanese people to the country. The Sino-Japanese War completely changed the path of national development before, and was an important symbol of the formation of the "national" characteristics of Japanese nationals in modern times. The hope of the people at the bottom of the society is to turn themselves into citizens with civil rights and freedoms. The liberal civil rights movement played a great role in the formation of the nation. The popular movement in Dazheng era is the second wave of people's struggle to become a nation, and the character of "citizen" has further developed. As a result of both national foundry forces, the influence from the government is much greater than that of the liberal civil rights movement and, later, the DPP. Dazheng democratic society was fleeting, and the character of "citizen", which had just grown up, was strangled, resulting in a tragic return from the nation to its subjects. To a great extent, the modern Japanese national casting became the casting of the national subjects. From Meiji to Taisho, the main characteristics of the formation process of modern Japanese people are as follows: the combination of cross axis interleaving and space-time interaction, the compression of practice process, the obvious stage and imbalance; The strengthening of the difference between the external and the "other" and the temptation of interest. The institutional guarantee of modern country, the formation of the unified market of modern country, the integration mechanism of culture and education of four in one, and the leadership's advancing with the times and effective guidance are the main experiences of the successful foundry of modern Japanese people. The developed education in Edo era and the existing market-oriented economic form provided the objective conditions for the foundry of modern Japanese people. For the needs of imperial expansion, the rulers suppressed the rights of the people in the name of national rights and interests, carried out external expansion under the signboard of national independence, and carried out international oppression, which not only led the people to the wrong path of the state's subjects, but also pushed the country to extinction. This is the modern Japanese people casting a profound lesson. The immature development of modern Japanese civil society is an important reason for this lesson.
【学位授予单位】：复旦大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：K313.4

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