两次世界大战之间美国的军事思想

发布时间：2018-12-09 21:47

【摘要】： 从第一次世界大战到第二次世界大战之间的20年,是世界现代史上激烈动荡的时期。史无前例的经济危机像地震一样,给资本主义各国的经济以强烈震撼。各帝国主义国家之间的矛盾空前激化。为摆脱经济危机的影响,各大国又重整军备,企图通过战争来寻找出路。法西斯主义怪胎的出世使新的世界大战的阴云笼罩着整个世界。严峻的形势深深地影响了美国军事思想的发展。在第一次世界大战中,美国已从政治、军事和经济各方面显示出了超级大国的姿态。但是在“巴黎和会”和国际联盟成立过程中,美国因英法的抵制未能取得对世界政治事务的支配权,想当世界霸主的企图受挫。为了维护自尊,美国又开始奉行“孤立主义”的外交政策,然而并没有放弃夺取世界霸权的野心。在二十世纪三十年代日益紧张的国际形势下,美国加紧军备建设,为迎接新的世界战争做准备。在动荡时期,美国的军事战略思想发生了根本变化,从单纯的军事战略发展到政治、外交、军事和经济领域的全方位的总体战略。一战后美国军方确定的战略目标主要有三个:一是保卫美国本土及海外领地不受侵犯;二是阻止欧洲介入西半球的事物;三是保持中国的主权和领土完整。美国军事战略的变化也影响到了美国的军事思想。一战的结束并没有使列强的竞争结束,而且还增加了战败国对战胜国的强烈仇恨和复仇情绪,加上世界性的经济危机的影响,导致德意日法西斯主义的产生,新的战争正在酝酿之中。各国都在扩军备战。此外,一战后世界科技的迅猛发展也反映到军事领域,飞机、坦克、新型舰艇和大炮以及各种武器装备有了巨大的增长。上述的新形势和严峻的国际形势极大地影响了美国军事思想。在两次世界大战之间的“多事之秋”,在国内动荡不安和国际风云变幻的双重影响下,美国军事思想适应新的形势而有了很大的发展并取得了重大成就。主要表现在:美国的军事战略思想向着全方位的全球战略转变,全球战略初具框架。美国在此期间将政治和外交手段双管齐下,建立了巩固的战略后方,争取了盟友,为实现全球战略目标服务。由于制定了正确的战略。所以美国较好地在战略上为迎接新的世界大战做了准备。当战争爆发时,美国就能迅速投入战争,并最终取得了战争的胜利。在正确的战略思想指导下,美国成功地利用国际裁军运动消弱了列强的海军力量,并使美国海军跃居世界第一,取得了对列强的海军优势。同时,在米切尔的“空军第一”思想的指导下,美国空军迅速崛起,傲视群雄。此外,美国还采取了积极战备的方针,制定了国家总动员的政策和计划,实现了对平民进行普遍军训。这些,都为即将来临的世界大战做好了准备。
[Abstract]:The 20 years between World War I and World War II was a turbulent period in the modern history of the world. The unprecedented economic crisis, like an earthquake, rocked the economies of capitalist countries. The contradictions among the imperialist countries have become more intense than ever. In order to get rid of the influence of economic crisis, the big countries rearmament, trying to find a way out through war. The birth of the fascist freak enveloped the whole world with the cloud of a new world war. The grim situation has deeply influenced the development of American military thought. During World War I, the United States took on a superpower posture politically, militarily and economically. However, in the process of the Paris Peace Conference and the establishment of the League of Nations, the United States failed to gain control of world political affairs because of the resistance of Britain and France, and its attempt to be a world hegemon was thwarted. In order to maintain self-esteem, the United States began to pursue a "isolationist" foreign policy, but did not give up its ambition to seize world hegemony. Under the increasingly tense international situation in the 1930s, the United States stepped up its armament construction and made preparations for a new world war. In the turbulent period, the military strategic thought of the United States has undergone a fundamental change, from a simple military strategy to a comprehensive overall strategy in the political, diplomatic, military and economic fields. After World War I, the US military set three main strategic objectives: first, to protect the United States mainland and overseas territories from encroachment; second, to prevent Europe from getting involved in the Western Hemisphere; and third, to maintain China's sovereignty and territorial integrity. The change of American military strategy also affected the military thought of the United States. The end of the first World War did not put an end to the competition among the great powers, but also increased the strong hatred and vengeance of the defeated countries towards the victors, and the impact of the world economic crisis, which led to the emergence of fascism between Germany, Italy and Japan. A new war is brewing. All countries are preparing for war. In addition, the rapid development of science and technology in the world after World War I also reflected the tremendous growth in the military field, aircraft, tanks, new ships and artillery, and various weapons and equipment. The new situation mentioned above and the severe international situation have greatly affected American military thinking. In the "eventful autumn" between the two world wars, under the dual influence of domestic unrest and international vicissitudes, American military thought developed greatly and made great achievements in adapting to the new situation. The main manifestation is: the military strategic thought of the United States changes to the omni-directional global strategy, and the global strategy has its initial frame. During this period, the United States combined political and diplomatic means, established a consolidated strategic rear, won over allies and served the realization of global strategic objectives. As a result of the formulation of the right strategy. So the United States is strategically prepared for a new world war. When the war broke out, the United States quickly entered the war, and finally won the war. Under the guidance of correct strategic thinking, the United States successfully utilized the international disarmament movement to weaken the naval power of the great powers, and made the United States navy take the first place in the world and gained the naval superiority over the great powers. At the same time, under the guidance of Mitchell's "Air Force first" ideology, the United States Air Force quickly rose to prominence. In addition, the United States also adopted the policy of active combat readiness, formulated the policy and plan of general mobilization of the country, and carried out universal military training for civilians. These are all ready for the coming world war.
【学位授予单位】：山东师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：E097.12;K712

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