俄国贵族与革命

发布时间：2018-12-10 20:07

【摘要】： 贵族是俄国古老的社会上层等级,始终与国家政权保持着紧密的关系,长期是俄罗斯国家和沙皇专制制度的社会支柱,也是其最大受益者。然而自18世纪下半期起,在西方启蒙精神的冲击下,这个特权等级中却产生了俄国专制制度的第一批反对者,并成为19世纪俄国各种革命活动的倡导者和组织者。俄国大改革以后,贵族等级在经济上虽因农奴解放、资本主义经济冲击而分化衰落,然而作为个人,大部分贵族则成功地融入其他社会阶层和职业群体之中。而在政治上,俄国贵族等级的政治活跃性在这一时期明显下降,甚至对受到革命冲击的沙皇政权冷漠旁观。到20世纪初,已失去贵族这一社会支柱的沙皇政权在社会危机加剧的情况下,对专制权力这一根本问题上仍拒绝退让,最终为人民革命所推翻。而作为原有统治阶层的贵族,自然无法全身而退,也在革命的打击下归于灭亡。本文共分为六个部分: 第一部分,俄国贵族的起源与演变。第二部分,十八世纪下半期俄国贵族的社会心理变化。第三部分,贵族革命——十二月党人起义。第四部分,大改革后贵族等级的衰落。第五部分,贵族与20世纪初的革命。第六部分,结论。创新之处在于:本文系统地论述了俄国贵族的演变,及其与革命的相互关系,排除对贵族的等级偏见,给予俄国革命时期的贵族以客观的评价。
[Abstract]:The aristocrat is the ancient upper class of Russian society and always maintains close relations with the state power. It has long been the social pillar and the biggest beneficiary of the Russian state and the czarist autocratic system. However, since the second half of the 18th century, under the impact of the western enlightenment spirit, the first opponents of the Russian autocratic system have emerged in this privileged class, and they have become the initiators and organizers of various revolutionary activities in Russia in the 19th century. After the Russian Great Reformation, although the aristocracy was divided and declined because of the liberation of serfs and the impact of capitalist economy, as individuals, most of the aristocrats were successfully integrated into other social strata and professional groups. In politics, the political activity of the Russian aristocracy declined obviously in this period, even indifferent to the revolutionary czar regime. At the beginning of the 20th century, the czar regime, which had lost the aristocrat as a social pillar, refused to give way to the fundamental issue of autocratic power under the condition of the aggravation of the social crisis, and was finally overthrown by the people's revolution. As the original ruling class of aristocrats, naturally unable to retreat, but also under the blow of the revolution to perish. This paper is divided into six parts: the first part, the origin and evolution of Russian aristocracy. The second part, the social and psychological changes of Russian aristocracy in the second half of the eighteenth century. The third part, the aristocratic revolution-the Communist Party uprising in December. The fourth part, the decline of the aristocracy after the Great Reform. The fifth part, aristocrats and the revolution in the early 20 th century. The sixth part, conclusion. The innovation lies in: this paper systematically discusses the evolution of the Russian aristocrats and their relationship with the revolution, eliminates the hierarchy bias against the nobility, and gives an objective evaluation to the nobles in the period of the Russian Revolution.
【学位授予单位】：陕西师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2008
【分类号】：K512.46

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