美国参谋长联席会议的创立与发展（1942-1947）

发布时间：2018-12-12 11:58

【摘要】： 1899年美西战争中,尽管美国战胜了老牌殖民帝国西班牙,但胜利并未抹杀战争中美军自身的内部缺陷,其中尤为严重的就是陆、海军之间缺乏协调、统一,导致两军各自为战。整个20世纪,美军前后两次进行联合作战指挥体系的实践。首次实践便是陆海军联席会议的创立,但该委员会自始至终,都是一个咨询机构委员会,在美军事史中发挥的作用也是微乎其微。珍珠港事件后,美国作为同盟国参战,然而此时美军的状况并未因两次世界大战期间陆海军联席会议的创立得到丝毫改观。为了协调统一英美两国军队,英美两国便创立了英美联合参谋会议,负责指挥两国军队协同作战;与此同时,美军内部也创立了参谋长联席会议,该机构战时重点指挥美军作战,协调陆、海军之间的军事行动,为总统提供军事咨询。二战结束后,参谋长联席会议的存废曾成为美国军界、政界热议的焦点,最终在1947年的《国家安全法》中,参谋长联席会议被保留了下来,作为总统、国防部长、国家安全委员会的军事咨询顾问,并成为了美国永久性法定机构。随着参谋长联席会议有效作用的发挥,陆海军联席会议在后期也退出了历史舞台,但陆海军联席会议作为参谋长联席会议的前身,其30多年的存在发展历史也为参谋长联席会议提供了借鉴。本文共由三部分组成,即引言、正文和结语,其中正文又分三部分: 第一部分主要叙述了美军“联合作战指挥体系”的初步实践——陆海军联席会议。重点介绍了陆海军联席会议的创立、两次重组,并对其进行了评价。第二部分重点阐述了参谋长联席会议的创立与发展情况。包括参谋长联席会议创立的背景、经过、战时重组以及冷战初期参谋长联席会议的演变。第三部分对参谋长联席会议的作用作了简要介绍与评价。总结全文,参谋长联席会议从创立之初的一个战时机构到1947年《国家安全法》颁布后转变为国家法定军事机构。这其中经历了陆、海军以及各类文职机构之间的较量,同时随着国内外形势的发展,参谋长联席会议也经历了诸多改组,最终趋于完善。参谋长联席会议曾作为美国最高军事机构,发挥了有效的作用,但自身固有的矛盾却是一直伴随参谋长联席会议整个发展过程。
[Abstract]:In the 1899 Spanish-American War, although the United States defeated the old colonial empire Spain, the victory did not obliterate the internal defects of the US military in the war, especially the lack of coordination and unity between the armies and the navy, which led to the two armies fighting on their own. Throughout the 20 th century, the U. S. military twice before and after the practice of joint operations command system. The first practice was the creation of a joint meeting of armies and navies, but it was an advisory committee that played a minimal role in US military history. After Pearl Harbor, the United States took part in the war as an ally, but the situation of the US military was not changed by the creation of the joint meeting of armies and navies during the two World Wars. In order to coordinate and unify the British and American armed forces, the two countries created the Joint British and American staff Council, which was responsible for directing the armed forces of the two countries to fight in concert. At the same time, the Joint Chiefs of staff was created within the US military, which focuses on directing US operations during wartime, coordinating military operations between the army and the navy, and providing military advice to the President. After World War II, the retention and abolition of the Joint Chiefs of staff became the focus of heated debate in the US military and political circles. Finally, in the 1947 National Security Act, the Joint Chiefs of staff were retained as President and Secretary of Defense. The National Security Council was advised on military affairs and became a permanent statutory body of the United States. With the effective role of the Joint Chiefs of staff, the Joint Chiefs of staff also withdrew from the historical stage in the later period, but the Joint Chiefs of staff served as the predecessor of the Joint Chiefs of staff. Its 30 years of existence and development history also provides a reference for the Joint Chiefs of staff. This paper consists of three parts, namely, introduction, text and conclusion. The text is divided into three parts: the first part mainly describes the preliminary practice of the "Joint operational Command system" of the US military, that is, the Joint Army and Navy Joint Conference. The establishment, twice reorganization and evaluation of the joint meeting of army and navy are introduced in this paper. The second part focuses on the establishment and development of the Joint Chiefs of staff. Including the background to the creation of the Joint Chiefs of staff, the wartime reorganization, and the evolution of the Joint Chiefs of staff in the early Cold War. The third part briefly introduces and evaluates the function of the Joint Chiefs of staff. Summing up the full text, the Joint Chiefs of staff changed from a wartime organization at the beginning of its establishment to a statutory military organization after the promulgation of the National Security Act in 1947. The joint chiefs of staff have experienced a lot of reorganization and finally become perfect with the development of the situation at home and abroad. The Joint Chiefs of staff, as the highest military organization in the United States, has played an effective role, but its inherent contradiction has been accompanied by the entire development process of the Joint Chiefs of staff.
【学位授予单位】：东北师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2009
【分类号】：K712

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