11世纪拜占廷女皇现象研究

发布时间：2018-12-21 19:00

【摘要】：从公元1042年到1081年,在拜占廷政治领域出现了一个十分引人瞩目的历史现象,即密集的女人统治现象。在不到40年的时间里,邹伊(Zoe)、塞奥多拉(Theodora)、尤多西娅(Eudokia),以及安娜·达拉森纳(Anna Dalassene)先后以女皇身份统治帝国。与以往的女人统治现象比较起来,这一时期的女皇现象有两个突出特点：一是密集性；二是短暂性。本研究认为,国际环境和帝国外交理念的变化是造成这些女性统治者不能长期把持政权、实现短暂统治后不得不放弃统治权的重要原因。另一方面,如此密集的女人统治现象不是拜占廷政治史上的偶发事件,而是帝国政治、经济和文化在此前两百多年间渐进式演化之后集中爆发的结果。首先,11世纪下半叶迅速衰落的拜占廷皇权是导致拜占廷政局不稳,女性统治者频繁上台的根本原因。将邹伊、塞奥多拉、尤多西娅以及安娜·达拉森纳这四位女皇推上皇位的三股势力分别是民众力量、教会力量以及大家族势力。它们成为此后长期威胁拜占廷皇权的三股政治力量。而它们的发展壮大与拜占廷经济的发展,以及由此而引发的社会结构的演变密切相关。其次,拜占廷社会结构演变的结果是拜占廷人文化心态的变化。拜占廷世俗法和东正教教义先后作出对女性地位的肯定性让步,对婚姻持积极态度,并保障已婚女性在财产所有和遗产继承等方面的法律权利。与此同时,拜占廷的政治文化也由宫廷礼仪式的政治文化演进到家族政治文化,在此影响之下,血亲继承的原则深入人心,已婚女性在家庭中的地位和作用被提升到前所未有的高度。极力维护子女利益的母亲形象受到普遍地尊重和赞扬。血亲继承的权力交替理念支持邹伊和塞奥多拉成为女皇,而在伟大的母亲形象的包装下尤多西娅和安娜·达拉森纳可以越过家庭私人畛域进入公共政治领域,成为女皇。最后,此时密集的女人统治现象也并非短暂的女人执政或代理执政现象。它是10-11世纪拜占廷女性权力和作用得以普遍提高的集中体现。对于一般平民女性而言,城市生活的再度复兴给她们创造了更多地参与经济活动的机会,她们的生产不再满足家庭需要而是供市场消费。走出家庭,参与市场生活也使一般平民女性获得了参与社会生活的机会。公元1042年首都暴动的主力军正是这样一群妇女。这是她们参与社会生活的最戏剧化的例证。对于上等阶层的女性而言,大家族的再度出现使她们成为延续家族血脉,实现家族遗产代际传递的中坚力量。因此,邹伊、塞奥多拉、尤多西娅,和安娜·达拉森纳的统治虽然短暂,她们施予帝国的影响力却不可小视。
[Abstract]:From 1042 to 1081, a remarkable historical phenomenon appeared in Byzantine politics, that is, the phenomenon of female domination. In less than 40 years, Zoe (Zoe), Theodora (Theodora), (Eudokia), and Anna Darassenna (Anna Dalassene) ruled the Empire as empress. Compared with the former phenomenon of women's rule, the phenomenon of empress in this period has two outstanding characteristics: one is denseness, the other is transient. This study holds that the changes of the international environment and the concept of imperial diplomacy are the important reasons why these female rulers cannot hold power for a long time and have to give up the ruling power after a short period of rule. On the other hand, such a dense phenomenon of female domination is not an accidental event in Byzantine political history, but the result of a concentrated outbreak of imperial politics, economy, and culture after more than two hundred years of gradual evolution. First, the rapid decline of Byzantine imperial power in the second half of the 11th century was the root cause of Byzantine's political instability and the frequent coming to power of female rulers. The three forces that brought Zoe, Theodora, Yudothea and Anna Darassenner to the throne were the power of the people, the power of the church, and the power of the extended family. They became the three political forces that have long since threatened Byzantine imperial power. Their development is closely related to the development of Byzantine economy and the evolution of social structure. Secondly, the result of the evolution of Byzantine's social structure is the change of Byzantine's cultural mentality. Byzantine secular law and Orthodox doctrine have made affirmative concessions to the status of women, held a positive attitude towards marriage, and guaranteed the legal rights of married women in the aspects of property ownership and inheritance. At the same time, Byzantine's political culture also evolved from the palace ceremonial political culture to the family political culture. Under this influence, the principle of blood relatives' inheritance was deeply rooted in people's hearts. The status and role of married women in the family has been raised to an unprecedented level. The image of a mother who strives to safeguard the interests of her children is universally respected and praised. The idea of power alternation between blood and blood supports Zoe and Theodora to become empress, and Yudocia and Anna Dharasenna can cross the family private domain into public politics and become queen under the great mother image. Finally, the phenomenon of women's rule is not a temporary phenomenon of women ruling or proxy governance. It is a concentrated embodiment of the general improvement of the power and role of Byzantine women in the 10-11 th century. For civilian women in general, the resurgence of urban life has created more opportunities for economic participation, and their production is no longer for household needs but for market consumption. Going out of the family and taking part in market life also give ordinary women the opportunity to participate in social life. The main force of the capital riots of 1042 AD was such a group of women. This is the most dramatic example of their participation in social life. For the women of the upper class, the reappearance of the large family makes them become the backbone of the family lineage and the intergenerational transmission of the family heritage. Therefore, the reign of Zoe, Theodora, Yudothea, and Anna Dharasenaar, though short, their influence on the Empire cannot be underestimated.
【学位授予单位】：南开大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：K134

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